HomeMy WebLinkAbout05 J.W. AIRPORT RPT 08-07-95NO. 5
8-7-95
.)ATE:
AUGUST 7, 1995
Inter-Corn
TO: WILLIAM A. HUSTON, CITY MANAGER
FROM: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
SUBJECT: JOHN WAYNE AIRPORT STATUS REPORT
RECOMMENDATION
Receive and file.
FISCAL IMPACT
The City retains the acoustics consulting firm of J.J. Van Houten
and Associates, Inc. for review of noise-related items. The costs
for such review are annually included in the Community Development
Department budget.
BACKGROUND
The Community Development Department currently contracts with an
acoustics consultant to review the John Wayne Airport Noise
Abatement Program Quarterly Reports prepared by the County of
Orange. On September 21, 1987, the City Council authorized these
reviews to monitor airport noise issues as a result of concern from
many Tustin residents. The County is generally nine months behind
in completing and transmitting quarterly reports generally
resulting in a nine month lag-time before the City Council sees an
evaluation of a quarterly report.
A copy of both the Quarterly Report for July 1, 1994 through
September 30, 1994, and the consultant's analysis is attached. Due
to the unavailability of noise data during this quarter, the effect
of operations at John Wayne Airport on Tustin residents cannot be
accurately determined.
The quarterly reports focus on noise measurements taken at Remote
Monitoring Station (RMS) #7, located in Tustin. Noise data is
then converted into a "Community Noise Equivalent Level." The CNEL
is a cumulative measure of noise exposure over a specified period
of time. Typically, CNEL measures noise exposure levels over a 24-
hour period and places greater significance on noise events that
occur in the evening or nighttime/early morning hours. For the
Quarterly Reports, CNEL data is averaged over a quarter.
City Council Report
Airport Status Report
August 7, 1995
Page 2
The remote monitoring station (RMS #7) in Tustin was temporarily
removed from service in December 1993 due to building construction
on the site. The monitor was not returned to service until late
October of 1994. Consequently there is no CNEL data from this
monitor for the first, second, and third quarters of 1994.
The Quarterly Reports also track the number of complaints received
by airport staff as well as the number of flights, type, and
classification of aircraft. Information in the consultant's
analysis of the 1994 Third Quarter Report focuses on these items.
DISCUSSION
Based on data from all quarters of the previous year (1993), the
annual average CNEL at station RMS #7 was 56.7 dB. This is four-
tenths (.4) of a decibel higher than the average annual CNEL of
56.3 dB for 1992. This is below the City, County and State
criteria of 65 dB CNEL for residential areas. However, with RMS #7
disabled during this reporting period, the change in CNEL resulting
.from operations at John Wayne Airport is unknown. Staff expects
data from RMS #7 in the 1994 Fourth Quarter report which is due in
a few months.
During the third quarter of 1994, approximately seventy (70) Tustin
noise complaints were received by John Wayne Airport. The number
of complaints during the previous quarter was thirty (30). The
noise consultant explained that complaints typically increase
during the summer months when people want to keep their doors and
windows open for ventilation. Review of complaint data from
previous years confirms this trend.
Although no clear correlation between CNEL and the type and mix of
aircraft has been observed, John Wayne Airport tracks this
information. Since the early 1970's, only Stage III aircraft have
been permitted at JWA. These are the quietest Federal-Aviation
Administration classification of aircraft in terms of noise
generated at take-off. John Wayne Airport then classifies Stage
III passenger aircraft into Class A, Class AA, and Class E. Class
E aircraft produce the lowest noise levels during take-offs.
However, in some cases, Class E aircraft generate more noise on
arrival than Class A or Class AA.
During the third quarter of 1994, the percentage of Class E
aircraft increased by 4.3% compared to the second quarter of 1994.
This was offset by a decrease of 3.1% in Class A aircraft and 1.2%
of Class AA aircraft. Data from all quarters in 1993 reveals that
City Council Report
Airport Status Report
August 7, 1995
Page 3
an increase in percentage of Class E aircraft did not significantly
affect noise levels within Tustin. This is not surprising since
there is no established correlation between an increase in Class E
aircraft and increased CNEL levels. With RMS #7 disabled, even a
preliminary correlation between CNEL levels and changes in
percentages of Class A, AA, and E aircraft, during the first three
quarters of 1994, cannot be established.
CONCLUSION
Since the iSsues discussed above are of considerable importance to
the City of Tustin, the Community Development Department will
continue to monitor airport noise issues unless otherwise directed
by the City Council.
_
Karen Sicoli
Assistant Planner
Christine A. Shin~eton
Assistant City Ma?lager
KS: \cc report \noi serpt, ks
Attachment: Report submitted by J.J. Van Houten & Associates, Inc.
J. J. VAN HOUTEN 8,: ASSOCIATES, INC.
n J. Van Houten, P.E.
,uhing Engineer in Acoustics
,'id L. Wieland
'ipal Consultant
June 30, 1995
Project File 2306-91
CITY OF TUSTIN
Community Development Department
300 Centennial Way
Tustin, CA 92680
Attention: Ms. Rita Westfield
Subject:
Review of John Wayne Airport Noise Abatement
Program Quarterly Report, 3rd Quarter 1994
Reference: 1.
"Data Evaluation and Aircraft Noise Impact
Study for the City of Tustin," J. J. Van
Houten and AssOciates, Inc., January 8, 1990
.
"Noise Abatement Program Quarterly Report
for the Period: July 1, 1994 through September
30, 1994," John Wayne Airport
Dear Ms. Westfield:
As requested, we have reviewed the referenced quarterly report for
the noise abatement program at John Wayne Airport. Please note
that remote monitoring station #7 in Tustin was temporarily re-
moved from service on December 22, 1993 due to building construc-
tion at the location. The monitor was scheduled to return to service
in late October, 1994. As a result, there is no daily CNEL data for
the first, second and third quarters of 1994. However, the referenced
report does provide data on the number of flights during the third
quarter of 1994, the classification of those aircraft, and the number
of complaints received by the airport staff. We have updated the
attached tables and figures accordingly. It may be noted from the
tables and figures that the number of aircraft operations at John
Wayne increased significantly during the third quarter of 1994, as
did the number of complaints from Tustin residents.
:09/Richter Avenue
Suite 108
l~a'iuc. CA 92714
714.'476-0932
£4X 714/4 76-1023
AIRCRAFT NOISE CONTOURS
~ OF TUST1N
Project File 2306-91
In 1988, an exterior aircraft noise monitoring effort was conducted throughout the City of
Tustin by the John Wayne Airport Noise Abatement Office and by J. J. Van Houten and
Associates, Inc. (Reference 1). Aircraft-generated single event noise exposure levels
(SENEL's) were measured at twelve locations in Tustin over a five month period.
As a result of this effort, noise contours were developed for John Wayne Airport as they
impact the City of Tustin. Although the shape of the contours does not change (since
flight tracks are fixed), the value of the noise contours does change with different levels of
operations at the airport and different mixes of aircraft.
Figure 3 provides the approximate location of the John Wayne Airport noise contours for
1990 based on measurements obtained at monitoring station M7 throughout the year.
Referring to the figure, the community noise equivalent level (CNEL) ranged from 53 to
59 dB in the City of Tustin, with a CNEL of about 55 dB at station M7.
No data is yet available for 1994. However, based on data through all four quarters, the
aImual average CNEL at station M7 was 56.7 dB in 1993. The existing and future Phase 2
contours (based on 1993 data) are provided in Figure 4. Referring to the figure, it is
estimated that in 1993 the aircraft-generated CNEL ranged from 55 to 61 dB. This is well
below the'City, County, and state criteria of 65 dB for residential areas.
USE OF QUIETER AIRCRAFT AT JWA
As requested, we have anal.vzed the correlation between the increasing use of quieter
aircraft at JWA and the change in CNEL within the City of Tustin. The Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) classifies aircraft into three categories based on noise levels. In
order of decreasing noise levels, there are Stage I, Stage II, and Stage III aircraft. John
Wayne Airport has only permitted Stage III aircraft since the early 1970's.
The airport has its own classification scheme for passenger aircraft. In order of decreasing
noise level, these are Class A, Class AA, and Class E aircraft. Table 1 provides the
estimated number of each class of aircraft that used the airport between the first quarter
of 1993 and the third quarter of 1994. Also provided is the measured average quarterly
CNEL at monitoring station M7. Table 2 provides the same information, but the values
have been normalized to 17,000 aircraft operations (takeoffs and landings) per quarter. In
this way, a correlation can be established between the quarterly CNEL and the mix of
aircraft types.
J. J. VAN HOUTEN & ASSOCIATES, INC.
~ OF TUSYIN
Project File 2306-91
Referring to Table 2 and Figure 5, the percentage of quieter Class E aircraft using John
Wayne Airport was higher in the 3rd quarter of 1994 than throughout 1993 (about 31%).
There was a decrease in Class A aircraft that was offset by an increase in the use of the
quieter Class E aircraft. However, with the noise monitor temporarily disabled, it is not
known what impact, if any, this change in aircraft mix had on the CNEL at RMS 7.
If you have any questions, please contact the undersigned at 714/476-0932.
Very truly yours,
J. J:~VAN HOUTEN & ASSOCIATES£INC.
/ consumng/~ngineer in Acoustics ·
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3
J. J. VAN HOUTEN & ASSOCIATES, INC.
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Figure 2
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Figure 3. Approximate Location of John Wayne Airport
Noise Contours, 1990
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Figure 4.
Approximate Location of John Wayne
Airport Noise Contour, 1993
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NOISE ABATI~IENT .PROGRAM
· . ..
........ RECEIVED I ,
.UN -- 0 ICj~
!DiNiST_ATION
· ' For the period:
July 1, X~4 through September 30, 1994
'~;.' :~'..~ .': .
Pr~mr~l in'accordanc$ with:
AIRI~RT NOISE STANDARD
STATE.OF CA~.ll~RNIA .
California AdmtuistraUVe Code Title 21,
Cha~..2.$i SubChapter 6:
Dl~Slon of Aeronautics
:Noise Standards
, Submltt~ by:
AtrpoR Director
John ~e Airport,'Ovange County
Ti~S"iS the 87th Quarterly Report submitt~ by the County of Orange in acco~n~ with the
r~lfii~ments of the California Airport NoiSe Standards (California Administrative Code
Ttflo.2i, C~tcr 2.5, SubChapter 6: Division of Aeronaufic, s Noise Standards). Effective
Ianuary'l,' 1986, tho cdterh for defining 'Noise.Impact Are~' was changed from 70 dB to
65:. dB gommuntty ·Noise Equivalent Lovd (CNI~). Under thts criteria, the Airport haS a
'Noise nn. pa_a.krea." , . .,...
· . : ; ...:.a , ", . , ' -,. . .. ...~. - , .... .t i,:-t.....~. ,'
-.
· ......, .. .
0 xx°s^T. SUMmary
Cal~'i' 'DiVision of Aeronautics Ires ~stabl~d guideline~ in the CaliFornia State Noise
Standard to Control residential area noise levels produe,~ by aircraft open~tions using thc
Sta. te's'atrpora. Under those guidelines, residential noise sensitive areas exposed to an
average Community Noise Equivalent Level..,(CNl~) of more than 65 dB define the 'Noise
Impaef Ar~'.' Iohn Wayne Aitport'uSes tWdVe':permanent remote monitoring, stations
(RMS) located in Ncwpori Beach, Sauta Aha, Tustin and Irvine W measure noise levels, at
the follOwing locations: .i,'..'
RMS-2:
RMS-3:
P, s4:
RMS-5:
RMS-6:,
Golf Course, 3100 I/vine Ave., .Newport .Beac, h RMS-7:
20152 $.W. Birch St., Santa Aha RMS-8:
..
2139 Anniversary Lane, Newport'Beach: ::~ ' RMS-9:
·
1907 Tradcwinds Lane, Newport Beach
:2601 Vista del Oro, Nowport B~ach
1131 Back Bay Drive, Newport Beach
17952 Beneta Way, Tustin
1300 S. Grand Avenue, Santa Aaa
17372 Eastman Street, h-vine
tLMS-2i: 223 Nam, Newport Beach
RMS-22:2338 Tustin Ave., Newport Beach
PdVIS-~: 1918 Santiago, Newport Beac.3
Figure 1 shows the Airport's "Noise Impact Axea" fo~ the previous year (October 1, 1993 -
September 30, 1994). The Figure I .information was developed by Mestre-Greve Associates,
Inc., ia consultation with John Wayne Atrpon. CNI~I'. values measured for the period, and
current digitized land use information, were utlltzed to calculate acreages and number of
residences withirgthe "Noise Impact ~fiav. a"r "
·
'RiYJw ....... '-.," ;-. ~
411;}/~$"
· .
-1-
RM81
OCTOBER 1993 - SEPTEMBER 1994
65 CNEL IMPACT AREA
(No. intx~ts m.o~ D.U.) ..
.~ble ~ U~e Area: 10.99 acre~ or 0.018 square rnile$
Number ~ Dwea~g~: 40 dwellings units
N~'nber of People: t00 (based on 2.5 people per D.U.)
MESTRE GREVE ASSOCIATES FEBUARY 1995
.,
The Airp6n tr~¢' summary for fi, is. qu~er'is shown in Tabie 1 and Figure 2 below. Air carrier
operational .count histories and average d ;ally departure counts are lllus~rated in Tables 9 & I0.
· .
TABLE 1
,.
LANDING AND TAKEOFF OPERATIONS.
·
.. 'Ju v - S otembe. r.
Jet Propeller Business (I) Total (2) Average Daily
~ Air~Carrier~ ~ ~ I~_tOporatio~
6,036 1,952 1,018 46,710 .... 227
6,336' '"' 1,884 1,045 48,986 238
.,~.~.~. 1,818 1.012 46.129 2~1
18,318 · 5,654 3,075 141,825 232
67,424..: ""' 33,060 10,037 498,567 212
,.,
Business jet figures in¢ludo · S% factor for ol~ratiom not ide. atifi~:l by the .Wv'A noise monitor
'(2) Counts in this column ar~ based upon r~ords providcd by the locad FAA rcprcscatative..s.
.!
Jot Grittier
Pro;) Corrier
,
B~eifleee Jet
GA Propellor
,. .
pa,
182
18318
20000
QUARI'~RLY :,~dRPO~ TRAR;IO SUMMARY
(LAND,NO AND TAKEOFI:: OPERATIONS)
JULY- I~m~'mVlBE~ 1994 .
4
NUMBER OF OPERATIONS
IO00DO
114596
120000
COMMUNE~__NO~SE FA)ury_ ALiT
~o money,'' ~~ly ~d twelve mon~ ~mmu~ Noise ~uivdeat ~ve[ (~L) average
~r ~eh ~ffiWr ,ration ~e ~hown ~ T~le 2, while d~ly ~L vduex ~e ~hown in Tabl~ 3 ~ough
5. ~uffictent dam is indica~ by "0.0~ ~ffi~ ~ ~ ~1o.
Average'$tiigle Event Noise Exposure Lsvel' ($E~EL) Values for air carrier and business jet ah'craft are
shown in Tables 6 through g.
For the twelve month period ending sePte~ ,bet .~0,. 1994, 40 dwelliag, uaits in 'S~ta Aha H~ghts were
ia the' 'N0is,"'.e'~Impacted Area' (65 dB CNI~)'; ~here was a reduction of 3 in the number of dwelling units
· in the .'Ngise Impacted Area" from the previous twelve month period ending lune 30, 1994.
The State'has 'approved several aircraft noise'.level remedies for property owners in the area: the homez
can' b~ acoustically insulated, purchssed'by the' County, or rezoned for 'other non-noise sensitive uses.'
As part of the County's Santa Aha Heights Land Use Compatibility Program, approximately 77 general
agriculture .(AT1) properties with residentisI land uses on Orchard, Acacia and Birch Streets were
rezon~ for Business Park Use in October,. !986. F, ach property was individually sold and subsequently
converted ~ .compatible land use. There have been 124 residences pur~ased or otherwise made
compatible through the County's Purchsse Assuranc~ Program, Acoustical Insulation Program or
Housing Relocation Plan. On July I/5,' 1991 the County Board of Supervisors placed a moratorium on
the Saw,;a Ami'Heights Purchase Assurance Program and Acoustical Insulation Program due to
:uneertainty"6f Pending FAA changes to nOiSe' abatement departure procedures, The Couuty of Orange
lifted the moratorium on 'the,se programs, effective July 1, 1993. Ia September 1993, the FAA approved
a grant to fund an Accelerated Acoustical Insulation Program (AAII~).
..
TELEPHONE..co~'I' CALLS (.~olv- Se~tember_1994)
The Airport's Access and Noise Office receive~ and investigates noise complaints from local citizem and
ail other sourc, e~. During the third quarter of 1994, the Office received a total of 1,396 complaints from
local citizens, a 168.0% i~cre~se from the 52(~ complaints received during td~e previous quarter and a
increase of 15.4% from the 1,209 complalnt~ received during the same quarter of 1993. Figure 3 shows
the local geographic area distribution of the quarterly telephone complaints,
F~RE 3
QUARTERLY TELEPHOI~ COMPLNNT8 SUMMARY
,m,,,,{, M
U I II I1 It II
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o
[..,
MRASURED AVERAOi5 $iNOLE'EVl]NT NOISE E,KPOSURE LEVELS
. 'MD~0
·
# Depn*
344
71
I
B73 73 1 $
Cominatgal B7373 396
B7373 82
Norlhw~st A320 .420
15'7373 171
'I'~A M~O 236
u~! A32o 1~
B757 I
USAir B7373
B757 163
Avea"a[e 100.4
count (54)
Avcrugc 94. !
Count (544)
Av~'ag~ 98~
Av~ge 9Z .9
AV~e
Count (7I)
Av~e ~.3
C~. (1)
Avenge 91.9
C~t ( 1~
Av~e. ~.7
Avmage ~,6
~ 06[)
Avenge ~.~
(~I)
(~)
Av~g~ 95.~
Av~ge I~.6
~nt
(~s)
Av~ge 95~
Av~ge ~g.9
~t (1)
Av~ge 97.4
Av~gc ~,3
C~nt (161)
Dcl~rture Nol~ Monitor Station
(s4) ( s~
93.3 -' DI~ s6.1 85.6
~.6 ~7.0 ~.s ~.5
91,7 89.8 [4.2 g4.6
~.P ~ s3.d 8S.S
( 6~ (71) (59) (54)
~.9 '~a 0.0
( D (D (0) (
(13) (1~) (
~.? 9~.~ 86.6 ~?.~
89.9
(7~) (SZ) (~) (56)
g3.6 ~.4
~.7 ss.~ ~6~
. .
~.? ~.3
~) ~6) (x~) (XTZ)
9t.6 ~.2 84.4 S4.~
(3~) (]~) (.10) (
~.x ~3 ~.2 S7.2
( D (1) (
~.o ~.~ ~.7 9~.o
95.9 94.9 17.8 87.6
(t53) 062) (1 xg) (xo~
RMS-5 RMs-6
(
17.0
(294)
92.3
85.6
85.9
(63)
(1)
86.1
(10)
$$.0
84.6
(I35)
86.9
(63)
86.9
85,6
03?)
089)
[5.4
(]o)
87.6
(120)
84.4
(!)
93.7
(3)
87.2
92.0 89.2 91.8
(ss) (~a). (
043) Or3) p3a)
~,? ~1.4
(SIS) ~e) (439)
a4.6 8o.7 a2.z
(70) (42) (
81,8 o.o o.o
(1) (o) (o)
85.8 81.1 ~2.6
06]) ()o~ (11 l)
~5,7 ~.6 12.~
86.6 82.4 ~.0
84.9 8X.9 11.9
(16~ (141) (15~
~.3 88.5 91
86.8 82.9 83.5
(I3~ (1~) (134)
81.6 0.0 $2.6
91.9 86.7 ~.9
(3) (3) (3)
~6,0 84.9
(161) (153) (151)
* # Deps equafe the number of aircraft departure operation SENEL values measured at o,¢ or more departure
~ati0uS. Not every'departure is measured at ever)' monitor.
~o~
K44-43
..~n?t~ -9-
~74 ~
~qa~e,ri~n BT~ 795
B'7Y7 . 336
Sombw~t 11'13'/2 17~
70
Dcpa~m Noise Monitor Station
RMS-I 1~M$-2 RM~.~I
COMM~C~AY?' '
CiusE
_
-- -- - - mm i
~M$.22 1:0~1'$.24 RM$-4 RMS-$ RMS-6
·
^ven~ 92.6 923 89.$ 8t.2 $4.7 85.9
count 00~) O~0) ~) 0 w) ' (is4)
Avmgo ~,4 ~.6 88.9 · 83,8 ~4.4 84.4
.,
Ave~g~ ~ 91 .~ tD~ 84.4 84,9 86.4
Av~ge 9lJ ~.0 BS~ ~'7 83.3 82.8
Average 9~ d 9X.7 19.7 ~. 1 15.6 ~,4
Av~gc 91.0 ' 91 ~ 88.8 S3 3 ~2.6 83.1
AY~N~ ~.4 ~.2 19.7 ~.1 84.6
~t (1~) .(l~) CITI) (X3~ (X~) (143)
Av~ge ~.4 ~ S~.~ ~. 1 84.0 84.3
co~t (lO~ O~) (I~) ( ~ ( 6~ <
Avenge ~.8 ~.7 ~.8 85.8 86.7 86.6
Av~e 93.0 ~l~ ~ ~.6 ~3.9
Cou~ ~) ~) ~) ~!) ~o) ~9)
84.5 81.2 $1.9
C20o) 061) 094)
82.2 I 1.9 82.4
(6SS) C2a2) (~07)
84.8
~.6 ~.2 79.6
85~ ~.6 80.4
(171) (1~5) (124)
83.1 ~1.6 ~.6
S4.7 S{.X a{.4
83.5 80.9 ~.0
(~) (~9) (94)
~6~ ~.3 82.2
$3.T ~.7 82.5
~m Nois~ Monitor Station
RMS.3 ILM$*2I RM.T,:22 RMS-24 RMS~ RM~-5 IOK$-6
Alaska B7~74 242 Average 90.1 90.5 88.3 84.5 84 .2 S4 .'7 84.1 $ 1.3 s3.0
Count (242) (229) ('241) (183) (164) (ISS) C239) (171) t'22s)
Amsfi~ W#X 1r7373 .579 Averege 90.2 90.4 88.0 83.3 ~.2 84.9 84.2 80.6 11.2
Co~nx (ST~) (S49) (577) (44S) (409) (~3) ($67) C293) (~)
~hwc~,t B7~73 l 0fir9 ^VOugc 92.0 qlr2.1. 88.7 84.0 84.5 8~.0 84.2 80.7 11 .S
Count (1077) 0017) (1079) ~$3) (795) (883) (10.56) (698) 0147)
United B757 '731 Average 89.11 19.7 S7.9 81.9 82.5 S3.8 ~.3 mo.7 81.9
count (7~) (6S~ (TSO) ($?!) (faO) (~ga) (6es) (~,~) (607)
iq l~s exlua~ls thc number of aircraft dcpartur~ operation SENEL values mea, ure~l at one or m<,~ d=parture noisc monitor
statlon~, Not every d~parturc is measured at every monitor.
-I0-
CO~R
TAm.,E 8
MEASURED AVERAOB SII~I'OI.~ EVENT NOI,SE .~OSU~ ~VE~
,
Dopatm~ Noise Monitor Station
'~ dB
AC Ty~ # D~,* RM$-I RMS-2 AMs-3, RMS-4 RMs-5 RMS.6
· ,
. (Ameti. 'can
Ave~.~o 81.S 81,;~ 82.1 7S~.S 81.;~ 0.0
Count (2O) (12) (10) (2) (l) (0)
$W4 9 AVerage 77.6. 80.9 82.2 0.0 80.8 0.0
Count (2) (4) (2) (o) (~) (o)
El20 6 Avia 79,3 80.0 82,4 0.0 0,0 0.0
Cotmt (6) (2) (I) (O) (O) (O)
BA.31 6 Avm'tg¢ 81,4 78,6 80.9 0.0 0.0 0,0
Count (4) (2) (4) (0) (0) (O)
BA.3! 28 Avarage 79,9 75.7 82.! $0.3 83.5 81.!
corot (12) (6) (12) (2) (l) (2)
. .GEN'ET~T..AVIATION
D~~ Noise Monitor Station
dB SEN'EL
#Dcps'*, RMS-1 RMS.2 RMS-3 RMS-.4 RMS-5 RM$-6
Avorag¢ 91.1 90.0 91.9 86.a 84.6 87.2
Count (1146) (1078) (11:38) (650) (245) (386)
'* noil~s# equals the number of aircraft dcpartum open'ation SF..N~ valu¢,s me. asure~ at one or more dcl~a-ture
monitor ~,ations. Not every departure is maaaut~ at ev~ry monitor.
-11-