HomeMy WebLinkAboutPH 4 WTR CONSERV 04-01-91ATE: MARCH 25, 1991
TO: WILLIAM A. HUSTON, CITY MANAGER
PUBLIC HEARING N0. 4
4-1-91
Inter - Com
FROM: PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT/ENGINEERING DIVISION
SUBJECT: ORDINANCE NO. 1063 - ESTABLISHING A MANDATORY WATER
CONSERVATION AND RATIONING PROGRAM
RECOMMENDATION:
That the Tustin City Council conduct a public hearing for the
consideration of Ordinance No. 1063 to establish a mandatory water
conservation and- rationing program, and if they find it
appropriate, adopt said ordinance as an urgency measure.
BACKGROUND:
As a result of California's five consecutive years of drought
conditions, the City Council on March 18, 1991 passed and adopted
Ordinance No. 1060 which adopted a Water Management Program for the
City of Tustin. In addition to this ordinance, staff was directed
to return to City Council with another ordinance establishing a
mandatory water conservation and rationing program which required
a fifteen percent (15%) consumer reduction of water usage.
A resident requested information on'the City's past/current efforts
regarding infrastructure improvements that relate to the City's
groundwater basin production and the use of reclaimed water within
the Tustin Ranch Area. This information is provided in the
attached Exhibit A.
DISCUSSION:
Ordinance No. 1063 contains the following general components:
1. A mandatory conservation rate of fifteen percent (15%)
for all residential, commercial and industrial water
users.
2. A tiered rate structure that provides for a penalty
amount to be imposed on all water consumption in excess
of the allowable water usage. A typical example of this
rate structure is outlined on Exhibit B.
3. Section 1(I) provides a procedure for relief from
compliance. The appeals form for this procedure is
delineated on Exhibit C.
4. Section 1(F) provides for a termination procedure of the
Water Rationing Program as the conditions warrant.
The delineation and breakdown of the specialized classifications
for.the calculation of average use are shown on Exhibit D.
Attached as Exhibit E is a copy of a Press Release dated April 10,
1991 which will be distributed to the appropriate parties if the
City Council determines that it will adopt Ordinance No. 1063 on
April 1, 1991. Also attached is a chart delineating the breakdown
of water uses for the average Orange County residential water use
(Exhibit F) and a water source projection for the City for 1991
(Exhibit G) .
A public hearing has been duly noticed for April 1, 1991 at 7:00
P.M. in the Council Chambers, 300 Centennial Way, Tustin,
California for the Tustin City Council to consider Ordinance No.
1063 establishing a mandatory Water Conservation and Rationing
Program.
After the City Council conducts the public hearing and if the
Council determines it appropriate, staff recommends the Ordinance
No. 1063 be adopted as an urgency measure.
Bob Ledendecker
Director of Public Works/
City Engineer
BL:lmh:ordil063
i
Gary ee
Water Services Manager
ORDINANCE NO. 1063
AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF TUSTINr
CALIFORNIA, ESTABLISHING A MANDATORY WATER CONSERVATION
AND RATIONING PROGRAM
The City Council of the City of Tustin does hereby ordain as
follows; -
-SECTION 1. 'Nater Consuznpti on_ Reductlon.
A. Findings. The City Council finds the State of California
is entering the fifth year of an unprecedented drought. Water
levels at many reservoirs are at an all time low. Deliveries of
water to the Southern California region from the State Water
Project, Colorado River, Owens Valley and Mono County have declined
due to the lack of rainfall and litigation regarding entitlement.
The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) is the
supplier of thirty percent (30%) of the water supplied to the
Tustin Water Service and MWD has reduced the City's allocation of
water by thirty percent (30%) as of March 1, 1991 and advised that
it will charge the City a premium of at least Three Hundred Ninety -
Four Dollars ($394) per acre foot for delivery of water in excess
of new allocation levels. The Mandatory Conservation Rate on the
effective date of this ordinance is a collective fifteen percent
(1.5%) . This Conservation Rate corresponds with the recent decision
of MWD to allocate only seventy percent (70%) of the water used by
JGR: j1ib:R4:3-2$�91(ecc1063.jtb)
4
ordinance No. 1.0 Page 2
- the City during comparable periods in the past. The failure of
Tustin Water Service consumers to collectively reduce water.
consumption may lead. to even more drastic cutbacks in allocations,
deliveries, and costs. The failure to reduce water consumption and
a continuation of the drought may, in the long term, result in the
inability of the City to supply water at or above minimum levels
required for health and sanitation. This ordinance will promote
reductions in water consumption and permit recovery of additional
costs incurred with the purchase of water and the administration of
water conservation measures.
B. Definitions.
1. "Billing Period" means the time interval between two
consecutive water meter readings taken for billing purposes and
will average sixty (60) days.
2. "Billing Unit" means one hundred (100) cubic feet of
water (748 gallons).
3. "MWD" shall mean The Metropolitan Water District of
Southern California.
4. "Allowable Water Usage" means the amount of water
delivered to a customer's premises which does not exceed the
- maximum amount established pursuant to this ordinance and by
Ordinance No. 106 nage 3
resolutions of the City Council made from time to time pursuant to
the provisions of this ordinance.
5. 11Customer" means each person or entity who has
contracted for water service from the City of Tustin.
6. "Penalty Amount" shall mean the additional charge,
expressed in terms of cost per Billing Unit, imposed on water
consumption in excess of the Allowable Water Usage.
7. "Water" means potable water and does not include
reclaimed water.
C. Customer Responsibility.. Each customer of the Tustin
Water Service shall be responsible for the use and misuse of all
water pipes and facilities connected to the meter or meters which
measure the amount of water for which the customer is obligated to
pay the City of Tustin.
D. Water Usage Limitation. All customers make all
reasonable efforts to not receive, use, consume or permit to be
delivered to the premises for_ which the customer contracted with
the City for service, water in an amount in excess of the Allowable
Water Usage. For purposes of this Subsection, measurements of
water consumption falling between full Billing Units shall be
- rounded up to the next full Billing Unit. The Allowable Water
Ordinance No. lot Page 4
Usage shall be as set forth below, effective at 12:01 a.m. on April
22, 199.:
Water User
Residential
Multi -Family
Commercial
Industrial
Non -Profit
(i.e., church)
Public
(TUSD, City, Caltrans)
Landscape
(comm greens)
Summer
Winter
Allotment
Gallons
Allotment
Gallons
May - Oct
Per Day
Nov.
- April
Per__
48
units *
598
30
units
374
18
units
224
16
units
200
138
units
1720
105
units
1309
278
units
3466
138
units
1720
186
units
2319
109
units
1359
675
units
8415
235
units
2930
161
units
2007
98
units
1221
* 1 unit equal 100 cubic feet and equals 748 gallons
E. Additional Charges—and- Penalties. In the event. a
customer fails to comply with prescribed water usage limitations,
an additional charge of ninety Gents ($0.90) shall be imposed on
each Billing Unit received over and above the Allowable Water
Usage. If two consecutive billing periods show water usage
exceeding the Allowable Water Usage, an additional surcharge of
twenty --five percent (25%) of the total amount of the bill
(including the additional charges prescribed above) will be
imposed. After. the third consecutive billing period where water
usage exceeds the Allowable Water Usage a surcharge of fifty
percent (505) of the total bill, will be imposed. For consecutive
billing periods, four or more of which exceed the Allowable Water
Usage, the City may install a flow restricting device to reduce the
Ordinance No. 106 Page 5
amount of water supplied to the customer and a surcharge of
seventy-five percent (75%) of the total charge shall be imposed
will be added to the total bill for all periods exceeding the
allowable usage. The device shall not be removed until such time
as the customer has provided proof satisfactory to the City that
the customer will not exceed the Allowable Water Usage. A fee of
Fifty Dollars ($50) shall be charged for installing the flow
restricting device. Penalties shall appear on the first billing
statement for that account immediately after the Billing Period in
which the excess water usage occurred. The penalty shall be paid
at the same time as the payment for normal water service. Failure
to pay the entire amount due shall incur the same penalties as
those imposed for failure to pay for normal water service.
Any and all additional charges, purchases and penalties,
if any, in excess of the additional charges, surcharges and
penalties paid to the MWD, shall be used solely for capital costs
of water facilities.
F. Chancres in Allowable Water Usage, Charges, Penalties,.
etc. The City Council may by resolution adopted from time to time
set, revise, increase or decrease the Allowable Water Usage and the
charges, surcharges and penalties as deemed necessary to
•
accommodate water allocations, charges and penalties imposed by 1414D
and other factors affecting the supply and cost of water to the
City of Tustin. Such resolutions shall become effective as
specified in such resolutions and shall within ten (10) days of
ordinance No. 10( Page 6
their adoption, be published in a newspaper of general circulation,
printed, published and circulated in the City of Tustin.
G. New Customer_. The water billing section shall notify new
customers of their Allowable Water Usage rate, charges, penalties,
etc., at the time application is made for new water service.
H. Adiustments. The City Manager or designee upon
application by a customer for relief, shall have the authority to
modify the billing to a customer if the City Manager or designee
determines that strict application of the provisions of this
ordinance would create undue hardship to, or result in inequitable
treatment of, the customer.
I. Relief from Compliance.
1. A customer may file an application for relief from
the water usage reduction requirements of this ordinance. The
application shall be on a form provided by the City and shall
specify the basis for the request for relief. The application
shall be filed with the City Manager or designee. An application
seeking relief relative to a previously billed amount shall be
filed within fifteen (15) days after the date on which the water
bill was mailed to the customer. In determining whether to grant
relief and the nature of -any relief, the City Manager or his/her
designee may consider the following:
(a) Whether mandated reduction in water usage will
result in unemployment;
Ordinance No. 106, Page 7
(b) Whether a large number of persons reside on the
premises;
(c) Whether there has been any increase. in the
number of employees or tenants in any commercial, industrial or
office building;
(d) Whether a commercial or industrial user has
previously undertaken extensive water conservation activiti.ee and
an additional reduction in allowable water usage would be a
hardship;
(e) Whether specific health or safety
considerations are present that require the use of water in excess
of the Allowable Water Usage.
2. No relief shall be granted to any customer in the
absence of a showing that the customer has achieved the maximum
practical reduction in water consumption aside from those factors
which warrant an adjustment. No relief shall be granted to any
customer who fails to provide the City Manager or -designee with
requested information relevant to a determination of the adequacy
of the grounds of relief or a finding that maximum practical
reduction and consumption has been achieved.
3. The decision of the City Manager or designee shall
be made after all material has been reviewed.
- 4. The City Manager or designee will make a
determination no later than fourteen (14) days after the appeal is
ordinance No. 10E page 8
- received. If an appeal is decided in full or partial favor of the
customer, an immediate adjustment will be made to the customerfs
account. If the appeal is rejected, customer must pay the bill in
full within five (5) business days to avoid service interruption.
Provided, however, if the customer files an appeal with the Water
Appeals Board, to be appointed by the City Council, payment need
not be made until five (5) business days following decision of the
Board. Appeals of decisions of the Water Appeals Board may be made
to the City Council, provided, however, the customer must first
make a deposit with the City of seventy-five percent (75%) of the
disputed bill to avoid service interruption.
J. Confirmation. A customer shall have the right to request
confirmation of the amount of water used during a Billing Period
for which the customer has been billed.
K. —rUsatfan. where an improperly maintained irrigation
system results in a waste of water, e.g., causes excessive runoff,
the City Manager or his/her designee shall have the authority to
discontinue water service. Notice of the termination of service
shall be given by posting notice of the decision on the meter which
measures water flowing through the system and by mailing written
notice of the decision to the customer within twenty-four (24)
hours after service was terminated. The customer shall have the
right to appeal the decision to terminate service by filing a
written request for hearing with the City Manager or his/her
Ordinance No. 10'k Page 9
designee within fifteen (15) days after the date on which notice
was mailed.
SECTION 2. The City Council finds and declares that adoption
of this ordinance as an emergency measure is necessary to preserve
the public peace, health, and safety in that:
A. California is currently experiencing a drought of
unprecedented magnitude with current water reserves throughout the
state far below normal.
B. The City has initiated a voluntary water conservation
program, but the program has not achieved the desired results.
C. Metropolitan water District, the supplier of imported
water to the City of Tustin, has announced its intention to reduce
the amount of water delivered to the City and to impose a surcharge
on all water sold to the City in excess of new allocation levels.
The surcharge and reduced allocation levels were effective on
February 1, 1991 and compliance with MWD directives cannot be
achieved other than through the adoption of an emergency ordinance.
D. The imposition of penalties on excess consumption of
water will reduce water usage and allow the City to recoup the
additional costs it incurs relative to the purchase of water from
MWD. Any additional monies collected in excessive use penalties
Ordinance No. 10( Page 10
- will be used to fund water conservation related activities and/or
to fund future water capital improvements.
E. Failure to achieve a fifteen percent (15%) reduction in
water consumption will reduce available water supplies, lead to
further ?4WD mandated reductions, and require imposition of more
stringent restrictions on water use in the future. In the long
term, the, failure to conserve water combined with continued drought
could lead to the inability of the City to provide water in amounts
necessary for health and sanitation.
SECTION 3. Effective Date and Publication. This ordinance
shall be effective immediately upon its adoption by a majority of
the members of the City Council pursuant to Water Code Section 375.
The City Clerk is hereby directed to cause this ordinance to be
published pursuant to Government Code Section 6061 within ten (10)
days of its adoption in a newspaper of general circulation,
printed, published and circulated in the City of Tustin.
SECZXW 4. Severability. The City Council of the City of
Tustin hereby declares that should any section, paragraph, sentence
or word of this ordinance be declared, for any reason, to be
invalid, it is the intent of the Council that it would have passed
all other portions of this ordinance independent of the portion
declared invalid.
Ordinance No. 10 Page 11
SECTXQN 5. Savings Clause. Neither the adoption of this
ordinance nor the repeal of any other ordinance of the City shall,
in any manner, affect the prosecution for violations of ordinances
committed prior to the effective date of the adoption or repeal,
nor be construed as a waiver of any of the penalty or penal
provisions applicable to such violation. The provisions of this
ordinance, to the extent they are substantially the same as
ordinances previously adopted by the City and relating to the same
subject matter, shall be construed as restatements and
continuations, and not as new enactments.
PASSED AND APPROVED by the City Council of the City of Tustin
at a regular meeting held on the day of ,
1991.
RICHARD B. EDGAR, Mayor
MARY E. WYNN, City Cleric
R-1�—� 1 THU � G6 F2 Gl.aRKESWGaI7RUFF P' 1 3
Ordinance No. 1063, page 12
STATE OF CALIFORNIA )
COUNTY OF ORANGE ) SS
CITY OF TUSTIN }
COUNTY OF ORANGE
CERTIFICATION FOR ORDINANCE NO. 1063
MARY E. WYNN, City Clerk and ex -officio Clerk of the City Council
of the City of Tustin, California, does hereby certify that the
whale number of the members of the City Council is five; that the
above and foregoing ordinance was duly and regularly read and
introduced at a meeting of the City Council held on the day of
1991, and was given its second reading and duly
passed and adopted at a meeting of the City Council held on the
day of 1991, by the following role call
vole:
COUNCILMEMBER AYES:
COUNCILMEMBER NOES:
COUNCILMEMBER ABSTAINED:
COUNCILMEMBER ABSENT:
MARY E. WYNN, City Clerk
EXHIBIT A
-- SUMMARY OF WATER SERVICE INFRA -STRUCTURE PROJECTS
RELATED TO GROUNDWATER BASIN PRODUCTION
AND
RECLAIMED WATER USE IN TUSTIN RANCH AREA
The Tustin Water Works prior to November, 1980 and the
City of Tustin Water Services after November, 1980 have
pursued an active program to provide groundwater
production to its customers. This program provides for a
70% groundwater basin production and a 30% purchased
amount from the Metropolitan Water District of Southern
California (MWD) to satisfy the customer needs.
The groundwater production is attained from the following
active facilities:
Name
Columbus -Tustin
Walnut Well
Beneta St. Well
Water Plant Well
Panky Well
Yorba St. Well
Water Plant Well
Livingston Well
Tustin Well
Date -Drilled/
Rehabilitated
Well 1986
1930/Early 1980's
1976
#3 1972
1963
1962
#2 1962
1954
1952
Cost
$440,000
50,000 (est.)
Unknown
It
n
Four additional well sites are currently non -operational
due to high levels of nitrates and/or total dissolved
solids. Two of these wells may be activated within the
next few years subject to joint effort between the Orange
County Water District (OCWD) and the City on proposed
desalter facility at the Seventeenth Street well site.
Future well site projects that are planned for the system
are recapped below:
1. Vandenberg Well is planned for 1990-91 at an
estimated cost of $500,000 plus right-of-way
costs.
2. Santa Clara Well location on a public park site
and requires environmental clearance prior to
proceeding with final design.
3. Three additional -Caltrans surplus parcels have
been identified as potential well sites:
a. West side of Pasadena Avenue southerly of
First Street.
b. Easterly side of Tustin Village Way
northerly of McFadden Avenue.
C. Westerly side of Newport Avenue southerly
of El Camino Real.
These locations could be utilized as future sites to
replace some of the aging facilites that will eventually
be retired from service.
In late 1990, a joint effort between OCWD and the City
resulted in the completion of the Demonstration Treatment
plant which removes nitrates from groundwater from two
wells at the City's Main Street Plant. The plant
consists of two processes, reverse osmosis (RO) and ion -
exchange (IX) which treats water from Well #3 and blends
it with water from well #2 to provide a product that
meets the standards as set forth by the State Department
of Health Services. The cost of this Nitrate removal
plant which has been constructed by OCWD is $1,200,000,
and by previous agreement if the plant proves to be an
economical and feasible operation, the City will
reimburse OCWD in the amount of $1,200,000 over a five
year period.
The Tustin Ranch development which is bounded by the
Santa Ana Freeway on the south, Jamboree Road on the
east,.. the northerly City limits and the City -County.
boundary on the west is supplied with both domestic and
reclaimed water by the Irvine Ranch Water District
(IRWD). This reclaimed water system provides irrigation
water to all the greenbelt areas inclusive of:
1. Median island landscaping
2. Street parkway landscaping
3. Parks
4. Future school sites
5. Slope landscaping
6. Private development greenbelt areas
This reclaimed water is provided by a separate
distribution system and is totally independent of the
domestic water system.
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CITY OF TUSTIN WATER SERVICE
REQUEST FOR VARIANCE
OF ALLOWABLE WATER USAGE
In regards to:
Ordinance 1063 - Establishing
Conservation
Program
a Mandatory Water
and Rationing
An application seeking relief shall be filed within fifteen (15)
days after the date on which the water bill was mailed to the
customer.
1. Complete the request application
a. complete the required service information
b. indicate reason for requesting variance
C. sign certification
2. No relief shall be granted to any customer in the absence of
a showing that the customer has achieved the maximum reduction in
water consumption.
3. The decision of the City Manager or his/her designee be made
after all material have been reviewed and the decision shall be
final.
4. The City Manager or his/her designee will make a determination
no later than fourteen (14) days after the appeal is received.
Service will not be interrupted until a decision is reached.
a. if appeal is upheld an immediate adjustment will be made
b. if appeal is rejected the bill must be paid within five
days to avoid service interruption.
5. A customer who pursues the bill beyond this process shall
deposit seventy five(75) percent of the disputed bill to avoid
service interruption.
Any questions regarding variances should be directed to Water,
Customer Service at (714) 544-8890.
EXHIBIT C
Y OF TUSTIN WATER SERVICE
REQUEST FOR VARIANCE
OF ALLOWABLE WATER USAGE
NAME
SERVICE ADDRESS
AMOUNT OF REQUESTED INCREASE
ACCT# DATE
Billing Units
I am appealing my allowable water usage for the following reasons:
Reduction in water usage will result in unemployment
Additional members that have been added to the household
Health and safety considerations
Increase in number of employees or tenants in a commercial or office building
1 am a commercial/industrial user and have previously undertaken extensive
water conservation activities. An additional reduction in my allowable water
usage would create a hardship.
Please explain fully and provide any documentation or evidence you feel is pertinent to this
request. Attach additional page if necessary.
I completed this form and do certify that the information contained herein, including
attachments, is complete and accurate. I agree to inform the Water Service within 10 days
of any change in the circumstances which may result in a variance for this account/property.
I understand that if this information is found to be erroneous all water used at this account
may be billed at the highest use rate. I further understand that all variances that may be
granted are subject to change based on future, more stringent water conservation
requirements.
Signature
Request Approved
Denied
Signature
Date
Amount of increase Billing Units
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PRESS RELEASE PRESS RELEASE April 10, 1991
CONTACT: CITY OF TUSTIN WATER -CUSTOMER SERVICE 544-8890
CITY COUNCIL ADOPTS MANDATORY WATER CONSERVATION AND RATIONING PLAN
The State of California is in its fifth consecutive year of below
average rainfall which has resulted in serious drought conditions.
Historically, the City of Tustin has been able to extract 65
percent of its needed water from our ground water wells, while
purchasing the remaining 35 percent from Metroplotian Water
District (MWD). On March 1, 1991 MWD notified the City that our
purchased water allotment would be reduced by 30 percent and
further reductions could occur as the drought continues. The City
now faces penalties of 161 percent in addition to the regular cost
of water for purchases exceeding our current allocation.
These conditions have prompted the City to implement a 15 percent
mandatory rationing program which replaces the voluntary
conservation program. The mandatory rationing ordinance implements
a new "tiered" rate structure. This structure has been developed
as a way to encourage and ensure on-going water conservation. The
rate structure will allow our customers to use the average amount
of water consumed without paying any additional cost. The City has
established a seasonal "allowable water usage" based on an analysis
of water consumption for each classification. Those customers who
choose to exceed the "allowable water usage" will be penalized.
Water usage is billed by units, the first 6 units are billed at a
.33 cent rate and any addition units are billed at .71 cents. A
new tier has now been added for any usage above the "allowable
water usage" and will be billed at a rate of $1.61 (71. plus .90
penalty). A surcharge has also been implemented for exceeding the
"allowable water usage" for consecutive periods.
"ALLOWABLE WATER USAGE"* BY CLASSIFICATION
EXHIBIT E
MAY -OCT
GALLONS
NOV-APRIL
GALLONS
RESIDENTIAL
48
UNITS
35,904
30
UNITS
22,440
MULTI -FAMILY
18
UNITS
130,464
16
UNITS
11,968
COMMERCIAL
138
UNITS
103,224
105
UNITS
78,540
INDUSTRIAL
278
UNITS
207,944
138
UNITS
103,224
NON-PROFIT
186
UNITS
139,128
109
UNITS
811,532
LANDSCAPE(green)
161
UNITS
120,428
98
UNITS
73,304
EXHIBIT E
* the "allowable water usage" units are based on a bimonthly bill
and the rate for any water used over the allotment will be $1.61
per unit. Any water usage after April 22, 1991 will be calculated
using the new rates and the water bills mailed after June 21 will
include the "allowable water usage" and penalties.
The City reminds water users that over 50% of the typical water use
is attributed to outside use and by examining your outdoor use, a
customer should have little problem in meeting the required 15
percent reduction. If after examining your water usage you feel
that this rate structure will be a severe hardship an appeal
process has been established. If you have further questions or
would like water conservation tips, please call customer services
at (714) 544-8890.
The City of Tustin Water Service asks for your cooperation to help
through this water shortage.
R
2%
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EXHIBIT F
Outdoor
®
Bath
Toilet
I®
G
I0
Laundry
❑
Kitchen
Cooking
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EXHIBIT F
0. XX#
• a i
JE: MARCH 29, 1991
Inter - Com
TO: HONORABLE MAYOR AND MEMBERS OF THE CITY COUNCIL
FROM: WILLIAM A. HUSTON, CITY MANAGER
SUBJECT: WATER RATIONING ORDINANCE
Attached are a staff report and proposed ordinance establishing a
mandatory water rationing program. The ordinance is in response to
policies established by the Metropolitan Water District (MWD) and
Governor Wilson's request that all public agencies enact rationing
programs.
As pointed out in previous staff reports, MWD (which supplies thirty
percent (30%) of the City's water) has enacted a rationing program.
Failure to comply would result in significant financial penalties. The
proposed rationing ordinance requiring a fifteen percent (15%) reduction
in water consumption is based upon current MWD standards. With the
Larch rains, questions are now being raised about whether rationing is
;till required. At this point, every indication is that the need for
rationing continues. However, the amount of rationing could be subject
to revisions. Staff is checking with MWD to ascertain whether the
fifteen percent (15%) conservation rate is still required or can be
reduced. A verbal update will be provided at the April 1, 1991 City
Council meeting. Section F of the ordinance provides that the City
Council can revise the allowable water usage amounts by resolution.
This provides the flexibility to revise the City's rationing program.as
circumstances dictate.
WAH
V16
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