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HomeMy WebLinkAboutPH 2 UPDATE UFC 01-15-90n DATE: TO: FROM: SUBJECT: JANUARY 15, 199 WILLIAM A. HUSTON, CITY MANAGER COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT PUBLIC HEARING N0. 2 1-15-90 Inter - Com PROPOSED ADOPTION OF UPDATED EDITION OF UNIFORM FIRE CODE WITH LOCAL MODIFICATIONS RECOMMENDATION It is recommended that the City Council take the following actions: 1. Adopt Resolution No. 90-5 setting forth findings in conformance with State law for certain local modifications and changes to the Uniform Fire Code. 2. M.O. - hold first reading of Ordinance No. 1042. 3. M.O. - Introduce Ordinance No. 1042 BACKGROUND As is the case with Uniform Building Codes, the Uniform Fire Code promulgated by the International Conference of Building Officials and Western Fire Chiefs Association is revised every three years. Neither the Uniform Building Codes or the Uniform Fire Codes, however, one is intended to stand alone; rather, the total package, i.e. the Uniform Fire Code, Uniform Building Code, Uniform Mechanical Code, Uniform Plumbing Code and the National Electrical Codes give cities a complete and comprehensive program of model codes that are compatible with each other. Codes have therefore, been correlated so that there are no conflicts between them. Attached is a recommended ordinance for adoption of the 1988 Fire Code with local amendments. The amendments are the result of extensive meetings with local building officials and representatives of the building industry and have been coordinated with other proposed amendments to Uniform Codes. A resolution is attached setting forth findings which justify recommended modifications or changes. Major modifications or changes to the Uniform Fire Code can be summarized as follows: 1. One and two family dwellings 3,600 square feet or larger to be received by Chief for fire flow or fire protection on system requirements (Section 10.301). City Council Report Uniform Fire Code Local Modifications January 15, 1990 Page 2 2. Requires all buildings over 2 stories or greater than 6,000 square feet to have an automatic sprinkler system installed (Section 10.306[b]). 3. Requires all buildings containing 3 or more dwelling units or guest rooms to have an automatic fire sprinkler system installed (Section 10.306[1]). The Fire Department has also requested that a modified automatic sprinkler system be installed throughout all Group R, Division 3 occupancies (all one and two family dwelling units). Staff have not taken a position on this request. Should the Council wish to take a position supporting the Fire Department recommendation, an item 3 can be added to amendments to Section 10.306(b) after item 2 on page 5 of Ordinance No. 1042 prior to first reading. A draft report on automatic fire sprinkler programs is attached for the City Council's information as requested by the Fire Department. 4. Requires additional access and/or standpipes in buildings with extraordinary horizontal dimensions (Section 10.309 [g]). 5. References requirements of Uniform Building Code amendments to Section 1807 to require fire access requirements be applicable to buildings over 55 feet rather than 75 feet and require helistops on high rise buildings (Section 10.315 [a]) . 6. Requires and defines spark arrestor and limits use of internal combustion engines in hazardous fire areas (Section 11.111 and Section 24 and 25, Appendix II -A). 7. Allows Chief to change a Fuel Modification Plan (Section 27, Appendix II -A). The City Attorney's office has reviewed the proposed ordinance and resolution. Christine A. Shingl ton Director of Community Development CAS:kbc Community Development Department 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 RESOLUTION NO. 90-5 A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF TUSTIN, SETTING FORTH FINDINGS WITH RESPECT TO LOCAL CONDITIONS WITHIN THE CITY OF TUSTIN WHICH MAKE CERTAIN MODIFICATIONS AND CHANGES TO THE UNIFORM FIRE CODE REASONABLY NECESSARY FOR HOUSING OCCUPANCIES WHEREAS, Health and Safety Code Section 17958 provides that the City of Tustin ("City") shall adopt Ordinances and regulations imposing the same or modified or changed requirements as are contained in the regulations adopted by the State pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 17922; and WHEREAS, the State of California is mandated by Health and Safety Code Section 17922 to impose the same requirements as are contained in the most recent edition of the Uniform Building and Housing Codes of the International Conference of Building Officials, the Uniform Plumbing Code of the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, and the National Electrical Code of the National Fire Protection Association (hereinafter referred to collectively as $'Codes" ; and WHEREAS, Health and Safety Code Section 17958.5(a) permits the City to make modifications or changes to the Codes, which are reasonably necessary because of local climatic, geographic or topographic conditions; and WHEREAS, Health and Safety Code Section 17958.7 requires that the City Council, before making any modifications or changes to the Codes, shall make an express finding that such changes or modifications are reasonably necessary because of local climatic, geographic or topographic conditions; and WHEREAS, the Community Development Department and Orange County Fire Services have recommended that changes and modifications be made to the Uniform Fire Code and have advised that certain said changes and modifications to the Uniform Fire Code, 1988 Edition are reasonably necessary due to local conditions in the City of Tustin and have further advised that the remainder of said changes and modifications are of an administrative or procedural nature, or concern themselves with subjects not covered by the Codes or are reasonably necessary to safeguard life and property within the City 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 211 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Resolution No. 90-5 January 15, 1990 Page 2 of Tustin. NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the City Council of the City of Tustin as follows: Section 1 The following changes and modifications to the 1988 Edition of the Uniform Fire Code as recommended by the Community Development Department and Orange County Fire Services are hereby found to be reasonably necessary due to the following local conditions for housing set forth following the description of amendments. A. Section 10.306(g), and 10.306(h), 10.316 are amended relating to automatic fire extinguishing systems in new buildings with an area greater than 6,000 square feet or more than 2 stories in height and to require an approved automatic fire sprinkler system for certain residential occupancies. B. Section 10.309(b) is amended and relates to standpipes and requires a hose outlet or access doorway within 150 feet of all parts of a commercial building so that a sprinkler system can be shut off earlier resulting in less water damage. C. Section 10.315 is amended to make fire access requirements applicable to high rise structures, with specified exceptions, over 55 feet in height, rather than the 75 feet threshold of the Uniform Building Code. This modification was originally recommended by the Orange County Fire Chiefs Association and adopted by many jurisdictions in the County. The amendment was also adopted by Las Vegas after the MGM Grand Hotel fire. Other modifications to Section 10.315 are to conform to minimum standards for high rise buildings set forth in Title 24 of the California Code of Regulations. D. Section 11.111 is amended to require spark arrestors on chimneys, flues, or stovepipes burning solid fuel. E. Section 14.104 is amended to require smoke detectors in every existing dwelling unit used for sleeping purposes. iD 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Resolution No. 90-5 January 15, 1990 Page 3 1. Climatic Condition: Hot, dry Santa Ana winds are common to all areas within the City of Tustin and Orange County. These winds area constitute a contributing factor which can cause small fires which spreads quickly, and creates the need for an increased level of fire protection. This added protection will supplement normal fire department response available in high density occupancies, and provide immediate protection for life and safety of multiple occupancy occupants during fire occurrences. 2. Climatic Condition: Orange County and the City of Tustin is located in a semi- arid Mediterranean type climate which predisposes all fuels, including wood shingles to rapid ignition and spread of fire. Therefore, there exists a need for additional fire protection measures; 3. Geographic Condition: Orange County and the City of Tustin are located in Seismic Zone 4. There are earthquake faults that run along both the northeastern and southwestern boundaries of Orange County. The Newport -Inglewood Fault Zone (NIFZ) which runs through Orange County was the source of the destructive 1933 Long Beach earthquake (6.3 magnitude, hypocenter off Newport Beach coast), which took 120 lives, with areas damaged from Laguna Beach to Marina del Rey and inland to Whittier, and poses one of the greatest hazards to lives and property in the nation. Regional planning for reoccurrence is recommended by the State of California, Department of Conservation. There was also an earthquake in December, 1989, with the epicenter located near the City of Irvine. The fault on which this quake occurred was unknown prior to this activity. The October 17, 1989 Santa Cruz earthquake resulted in only one 1 2 3 4 5 All 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Resolution No. 90-5 January 15, 1990 Page 4 major San Francisco fire in the Marina district, but when combined with the 34 other fires and over 500 responses, the department was taxed to its full capabilities. The Marina fire was difficult to contain because mains supplying water to the district burst during the earthquake. If more fires had been ignited by the earthquake, it would have been difficult for the fire department to contain them. Experts predict a major earthquake in our area with the next 50 years. This situation creates the need for both additional fire protection measures and automatic on- site fire protection for building occupants since a multitude of fires may result from breakage of gas and electric lines as a result of an earthquake. As noted by "Planning Scenario on a Major Earthquake on the Newport -Inglewood Fault Zone, 1988, State Department of Conservation," page 59, "unfortunately, barely meeting the minimum earthquake standards of building codes places a building on the verge of being legally unsafe"; 4. Geography and Topography: Traffic and circulation congestion presently existing in the City of Tustin often places fire department response time to fire occurrences at risk. This condition will be exacerbated by any major disaster, including any earthquake wherein damage to the highway system will occur. This condition makes the need for additional on-site protection for property occupants necessary. 5. Geography and Topography: Placement of multiple occupancy buildings, location of arterial roads, and fire department staffing constraints due to recent revenue limiting state legislation have made it difficult for the fire department 1C 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25' 26 27 28 Resolution No. 90-5 January 15, 1990 Page 5 to locate additional fire stations and provide manpower sufficient to concentrate fire companies and personnel to control fires in high density apartment or condominium buildings. Orange County Fire Department equipment does not allow easy access to areas of buildings greater than 55 feet above the level of Fire Department vehicle access. These conditions create the need for built-in on-site fire protection systems to protect occupants and property until fire fighting apparatus and personnel arrive on the scene, as otherwise required for high rises. 6. Other public and safety concerns: a. Smoke proof stairwell enclosures. The stairwells in the 1980 MGM Grand Hotel fire in Las Vegas (deathtoll 88, 600 injured) and the Dupont Hotel fire were filled with smoke which trapped the occupants in the buildings. The stairwell enclosures in the First Interstate Bank fire in Los Angeles were filled with smoke which required the firefighters to use their airpacks as they climbed the stairs to locate and attack the fire. It is not possible for the firefighters to carry enough air bottles for their airpacks to even reach a fire on a floor above approximately the sixth floor, let alone be able to work on the fire after it is located. An emergency evacuation facility on the roof of high rise is currently required in the City of Long Beach and many other larger jurisdictions. Statistics show that many people evacuate to the roof area of a high rise building in the event of a fire, especially if they are on a floor above the fire. Obstructions on the roof can block aerial access to the roof for evacuation or delivering 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Resolution No. 90-5 January 15, 1990 Page 6 firefighting personnel and equipment. The Mexico City earthquake demonstrated that a high rise building located in an area subject to liquefaction may actually sink into the ground which will block all of the normal egress into the building. This, along with the possibility of roadway damage, gridlock, and/or falling debris, would make aerial access to the roof area an essential operation for firefighting and rescue operations. This has been demonstrated in many high rise fires such as the MGM Grand Hotel fire (30 helicopters used within first hour; 300-400 victims rescued), the First Interstate Bank fire (29.5 hours flown), the Dupont Hotel fire in Puerto Rico and a nine -story high rise fire in Los Angeles on December 5, 1989. Section 2 Additional amendments have been made to the Uniform Fire Code. On the recommendation of the Community Development Department and Orange County Fire Services, such amendments are hereby found to be either administrative or procedural in nature or concern themselves with subjects not related to housing. The changes made include provisions making the Uniform Fire Code compatible with other Codes enforced by the City and fee schedules. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Resolution No. 90-5 January 15, 1990 Page 7 Section 3 The City Clerk shall file a copy of this Resolution with the Department of Housing and Community Development of the State of California. PASSED AND ADOPTED by the City Council of Tustin this 15th day of January, 1990. MARY WYNN, City Clerk RICHARD EDGAR, Mayor 3 a 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 ORDINANCE NO. 1042 AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF TUSTIN REPEALING SPECIFIED SECTIONS OF ARTICLE 5 OF THE TUSTIN CITY CODE AND ADOPTING THE UNIFORM FIRE CODE AND UNIFORM FIRE CODE STANDARDS, 1988 EDITIONS, WITH AMENDMENTS THERETO AND THE UNIFORM FIRE CODE 1989 SUPPLEMENT AS THE FIRE PROTECTION REGULATIONS OF THE CITY OF TUSTIN The City Council of the City of Tustin does hereby ordain as follows: Section 1: Part 3 of Chapter 1 of Article 5 of the Tustin City Code is hereby repealed in its entirety, and a new Part 3 Chapter 1, Article 5 is hereby added in its place thereof to read as follows: PART 3 5130 ADOPTION OF THE 1988 UNIFORM FIRE CODE The Uniform Fire Code, 1988 Edition, as published by the International Conference of Building Officials and Western Fire Chiefs Association, including Appendices I through VI -A, EXCLUDING APPENDIX II -E, the 1988 Uniform Fire Code Standards and the 1989 Accumulative Supplements to the 1988 Uniform Fire Code, copies of each of which certified to be true copies by the city clerk, have been and now are on file in the office of the City Clerk, and shall be at all times maintained by the City Clerk for use and examination by the public, are hereby adopted and incorporated as though fully set forth herein save and except portions as are hereinafter deleted, modified or amended. 5131 ENFORCEMENT; INSPECTIONS A. The Uniform Fire Code shall be enforced by the Orange County Fire Department which shall be operated under the supervision of the Chief of the Orange County Fire Department. B. The Chief of the Fire Department may detail such members of the Fire Department as Inspectors as shall be necessary from time to time. 5132 VIOLATIONS Any person who violates any of the provisions of this Part 3 of Chapter 1 of Article 5 shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and each such person shall be deemed guilty of a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19'i 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Ordinance No. 1042 Page 2 separate offense for each and every day or portion thereof during which any violation of any of the provisions of this Code is committed, continued or permitted. The application of this penalty shall not be held to prevent the enforced removal of prohibited conditions. 5133 AMENDMENTS The 1988 Uniform Fire Code adopted by Section 5130 is hereby amended as follows: A. Section 2.303 of the Uniform Fire Code is hereby amended to read as follows. "Whenever the Chief of the Fire Department shall disapprove an application or refuse to grant a permit applied for, or when it is claimed that the provisions of the Code do not apply, or that the true intent and meaning of the Code have been misconstrued or wrongly interpreted, the applicant may appeal from the decision of the Chief of the Fire Department, or the Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention, to the City Council within ten (10) days from the date of the decision being appealed. A decision shall be considered as being appealed within the ten (10) day period whenever a written "Notice of Appeal" is filed with the City Clerk within ten (10) days. Such Notice of Appeal shall specify: (1) The substance and particulars of the decision being appealed; (2) The date of the decision; and (3) Shall be signed by the Appellant or his duly authorized agent, and indicate the mailing address of Appellant. Whenever a Notice of Appeal is filed, the City Clerk shall set the matter for hearing at the earliest possible regular meeting of the City Council and notify the Chief of the Fire Department and the Appellant of the meeting of the City Council during which the matter shall be heard. The City Clerk shall give this notice to the Chief of the Fire Department and to the Appellant at least three (3) days prior to the time set for the hearing. Notice shall be given to Appellant by mail to the address shown on the "Notice of Appeal." All decisions of the City Council shall be final." KI 3 a 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Ordinance No. 1042 Page 3 B. Section 9.129 is added to the Uniform Fire Code to read as follows: "1. Whenever the word "jurisdiction" is used in the Uniform Fire Code, it shall mean the City of Tustin. 2. Whenever the term "corporation counsel" is used in the Uniform Fire Code, it shall mean the City Attorney of the City of Tustin. 3. Whenever the words "Chief of the Bureau of Fire Prevention" are used in the Uniform Fire Code, it shall mean the Fire Marshal." C. Section 10.206(a) of the Uniform Fire Code is hereby amended to read as follows: "(a) General. No person shall place or keep any post,fence, vehicle, growth, trash, storage or other material or thing near any fire hydrant, fire department connection or fire protection system control valve that would prevent such equipment or hydrant from being immediately discernible or in any other manner deter or hinder the fire department from gaining immediate access to said equipment or hydrant. A minimum 3 foot clear space shall be maintained around the circumference of the fire hydrant except as otherwise required or approved by the Chief. A violation of this section constitutes an infraction." D. Section 10.207(k) of the Uniform Fire Code is hereby amended to read as follows: "(k) Obstruction. The required width of any fire apparatus access road or fire lane shall not be obstructed in any manner, including parking of vehicles.Minimum required widths and clearances established under this section shall be maintained at all times. A violation of this section constitutes an infraction and any vehicle parked or any object placed in violation of this Section shall be subject to immediate removal and storage pursuant to law. E. Section 10.207 is hereby amended by adding subsections (m) and (n) to read as follows: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16' 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Ordinance No. 1042 Page 4 "(m) Fire lanes, accessways and roadways - parking prohibited. No person shall park any vehicle or place any object in any fire lane, clearly designated as such by NO PARKING signs and/or other appropriate notice, or park or place any object, obstruction or vehicle in, on or across an established or designated exit, driveway, alleyway or access road, whether public or private, in such manner as to hamper the movement of any emergency vehicles and equipment in the event of fire or other emergency. This prohibition applies to, but is not limited to, areas in and about any church, hospital, assembly hall, lodge hall, school, hotel, motel, condominium, apartment building, theater, industrial complex, motion picture theater, stadium, shopping center, restaurant, tent, or other place of public assembly, whether open or closed. Any vehicle parked or any object placed in a fire lane or any of the aforementioned areas shall be subject to citation for an infraction and/or immediate removal and storage pursuant to law. (n) The provisions of this Section may be enforced by the Police Department of the City of Tustin and/or the Orange County Fire Department." F. Section 10.208(a) of the Uniform Fire Code is hereby amended to read as follows: "(a) General. Approved numbers or addresses shall be placed on all new and existing buildings in such a position as to be plainly visible and legible from the street or road fronting the property. Said numbers shall contrast with their background. Any commercial building occupied by more than one business shall have numbers or addresses placed on or immediately adjacent to all doors that would allow fire department access in an emergency situation. Multiple dwelling units (i.e., apartments, condominiums, townhouses, etc.) having entrance doors not visible from the street or road shall have approved numbers grouped for all dwellings within each structure and positioned so as to be plainly visible from the street or road. Said numbers may be grouped on the wall of the structure or on a substantial mounting post independent of the structure." G. Section 10.301(a) of the Uniform Fire Code is hereby 1 2 3 A 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Ordinance No. 1042 Page 5 amended to read as follows: "(a) Type Required. The chief shall designate the type and number of fire appliances to be installed and maintained in and upon all buildings and premises in the jurisdiction other than private dwellings of less than 3600 square feet in total floor area. This shall be done according to the relative severity of probable fire, including the rapidity with which it may spread. Such appliances shall be of a type suitable for the probable class of fire associated with such building or premises and shall have approval of the chief." H. Section 10.305(b) of the Uniform Fire Code is hereby amended to read as follows: "(b) Approvals. All fire -extinguishing systems, including automatic sprinkler systems, Classes I, II and III combined standpipes, Halon systems and other special automatic extinguishing systems, and basement pipe inlets shall be approved and shall be subject to periodic tests as may be required. A condition of approval of all Halon systems shall be satisfactory passage of a full discharge test utilizing an approved test gas, or other test procedure as approved by the chief, prior to final acceptance of the system. The location of all fire department hose connections shall be approved by the chief." I. Section 10.306(b) of the Uniform Fire Code is hereby amended by adding subsection 5. 115. In all new buildings or structures when the gross square footage thereof exceeds 6,000 square feet or more than two (2) stories in height. EXCEPTION: Open parking structures, B-3 occupancy. For the purposes of this section, area separation walls shall not define separate buildings." J. Section 10.306(h) of the Uniform Fire Code is hereby amended to read as follows: "(h) Group R Occupancies. 1. An automatic sprinkler system shall be installed throughout every apartment house three or more stories in height or containing more than 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Ordinance No. 1042 Page 6 dwelling units, and every hotel three or more stories in height or containing 20 or more guest rooms. Residential or quick -response standard sprinkler heads shall be used in the dwelling unit and guest room portions of the building. 2. All other Group R Occupancies containing three or more dwelling units or guest rooms, shall have an approved modified automatic sprinkler system installed. For the purposes of this section, area separation walls shall not define separate buildings." K. Section 10.308 of the Uniform Fire Code is hereby amended to modify subsection 2 to read as follows. 112. Sprinklers shall not be installed when the application of water or flame and water to the contents may constitute a serious life or fire hazard. Other fire extinguishing systems compatible with the hazardous materials being stored or used, and approved by the chief shall be provided." L. Section 10.309(b) of the Uniform Fire Code is hereby amended to read as follows. "b. Where Required. Standpipe systems shall be provided as set forth in Table No. 10.309. EXCEPTION: Every new building with any horizontal dimension greater than 300 feet, shall be provided with either access doors or hose outlets located so that all portions of the building can be reached with 150 feet of hose from an access door or hose outlet. Access doors: Access doors shall be in the exterior wall of the building accessible without the use of a ladder, and not less than 3 feet in width nor less than 6 feet 8 inches in height. Hose outlets: The hose outlets shall be 2 1/2" in size with an approved valve. The water supply for the hose outlets shall be supplied as follows: 1. By a separate main from the system side of the check valve at the fire department connection, or 2. From an adjacent section of the sprinkler system 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Ordinance No. 1042 Page 7 arranged to allow the hose outlets to deliver water when the sprinkler system, or portion of the system that protects the area served by the hose outlet is shut off. The water supply shall be sized to deliver a minimum of 250 gpm. at 65 psi. from the hydraulically most remote hose outlet and 250 gpm. ( flowing) from each additional outlet up to a maximum of 500 gpm. (flowing) when the fire department connection is pumped at a pressure not to exceed 150 psi." M. Section 10.314 of the Uniform Fire Code is hereby added to read as follows: "Section 10.314. When breathing apparatus is required by this code, the type of apparatus, the maintenance of said apparatus and the training in the use of said apparatus shall be as required in California Code of Regulations Title 8, Section 5144." N. Section 10.315 of the Uniform Fire Code is hereby added to read as follows: "Section 10.315 (a). Scope - In addition to other applicable requirements of these regulations, Sec. 2-1807 of C.C.R., Title 24 and Sec. 1807 of the Uniform Building Code, the provisions of this section shall apply to every new building of any type of construction and/or occupancy having an area where the public might gain access to await rescue, located more than 55 feet above the level of Fire Department Vehicle access. Such buildings shall be provided with an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 1807(c)". EXCEPTION: The following structures, while classified as high- rise buildings, shall not be subject to the provisions of this section but shall conform to all other applicable provisions of these regulations. 1. Buildings used exclusively as open parking garages. 2. Buildings where all floors above the 55 -foot level are used exclusively as open parking garages. 3. Floors of buildings used exclusively as open parking garages and located above all other 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Ordinance No. 1042 Page 8 floors used for human occupancy. 4. Buildings such as power plants, lookout towers, steeples, grain houses and similar structures with noncontinuous human occupancy, when so determined by the enforcing agency. (b) The provisions of the Uniform Building Code Section 1807(b) through 1807(k) shall apply to buildings described in Section 10.315(a). (c) In addition to the requirements of the Uniform Building Code Section 1807(f), the Central Control Station shall include the following: 1. Fire pump status panel and controls. 2. Cabinet containing labeled emergency access and elevator control keys. (Type of cabinet and number of keys to be approved by the chief.) 3. Cabinet containing 8 portable firefighter phones and one headset with sufficient cord to reach all portions of the room. 4. One 3' by 4' table and one chair. 5. Plans of the building showing all fire and life safety systems, fire resistive separations, on site water system. 6. The door to the building control room shall be openable by a key approved by the chief. 7. The Central Control Station shall be separated from the remainder of the building by not less than 1 hour fire resistive construction with all openings protected by assemblies having a fire resistive rating of not less than 45 minutes. (d) Fire Alarm System 1. The fire alarm system shall include visual indicators for the hearing impaired, in all public areas of the building including but not limited to elevators, elevator lobbies, rest rooms, corridors, exit stairways, rooms & tenant spaces exceeding 1000 square feet in 10 I1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23' 24 25 26 27 28 Ordinance No. 1042 Page 9 area. 2. All smoke detectors connected to the alarm system shall have a light that indicates the status of the detector. When a detector is located in a space above a drop ceiling, the indicating light shall be located on or below the ceiling grid. 3. The activation of any detection device connected to the alarm system shall cause the alarm to be sounded on the floor that the activating device is on as well as the floor above and the floor below the activating device where these floors exist. (e) Emergency evacuation facility. 1. The roof area shall include an emergency evacuation facility for helicopters of not less than 12000 pounds gross weight. This facility shall have a touchdown pad of at least a 50 foot diameter and be surrounded on all sides by a clear area having a minimum average width at roof level of 15 feet but with no width less than 5 feet. 2. The landing pad shall be designed per Uniform Building Code Section 2308(c). Helicopter landing areas and supports therefor on the roof of a building shall be of noncombustible construction. 3. The emergency evacuation facility shall have two approach -departure paths at a slope of no greater than 8 to 1. 4. Any helicopter use of this helistop other than as an emergency evacuation facility shall require prior FAA, Building, and Fire Department approval. (f) Enclosed Stairways. All required enclosed stairways shall be equipped with a barometric dampered relief opening at the top and the stairway supplied mechanically with sufficient air to discharge a minimum of 2500 cubic feet per minute through the relief opening while maintaining a minimum positive pressure of 0.15 -inch water column in the stairway relative to 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Ordinance No. 1042 Page 10 atmospheric pressure with all doors closed. Activation of the mechanical equipment shall be in accordance with Uniform Building Code Section 3310(g) 6." O. Section 10.316 of the Uniform Fire Code is hereby added to read as follows: "Section 10.316. Buildings Required to Have Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm Systems. (a) All new buildings not having an automatic fire sprinkler system, constructed as a nonresidential occupancy exceeding 6,000 square feet of floor area, shall have an approved automatic f ire detection and alarm system installed. EXCEPTION: Open parking structure - B-3 occupancy. (b) Existing non-residential buildings not otherwise required to have a fire detection and alarm system, shall have an approved automatic fire detection and alarm system installed when any addition or alteration is made to said building which causes the total area of the building to exceed 6000 square feet. Such system shall comply with the requirements of a Class I Type C system as defined in Appendix III -C of the Uniform Fire Code, and be previously approved and listed by the California State Fire Marshal pursuant to Article 1.5, Subchapter 1, Chapter 1, Title 19, California Code of Regulations." P. Section 11.111 of the Uniform Fire Code is hereby amended to read as follows: "Every new building in which is installed any chimney, flue or stovepipe attached to any fireplace, stove, barbecue or other device that burns any solid fuel, shall have such chimney, flue or stovepipe equipped with a spark arrester as required for incinerators in Section 11.105(d) ." Q. Section 11.201(d) of the Uniform Fire Code is hereby amended to read as follow: "d) Dumpster and Container Location. Dumpsters and containers with an individual capacity of 1.5 cubic yards(40.5 cubic feet) or greater shall not be stored in buildings or placed within 5 feet of combustible walls, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Ordinance No. 1042 Page 11 openings or combustible roof eave lines. EXCEPTION: Areas containing dumpsters or containers protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system. The fire sprinkler head(s) installed to cover the dumpsters or containers, shall be of the automatic flow control type." R. Section 14.104 of the Uniform Fire Code is hereby amended by adding subsection (f). to read as follows: "f) Every existing dwelling unit used for sleeping purposes shall be provided with smoke detectors installed in accordance with U.B.C. Section 1210(a). Smoke detectors may be battery operated when installed in existing buildings, or in buildings without commercial power. It shall be the responsibility of the owner to supply, install and maintain all required smoke detectors. The owner shall be responsible for annually testing all required smoke detectors." S. Section 79.501 of the Uniform Fire Code is hereby amended to read as follows: "(a) The storage of Class I and Class II flammable liquids in above ground tanks outside of buildings, is prohibited except in Planned Industrial Districts and Industrial Districts as identified in Part 4 Chapter 2 of Article 9 of the Tustin City Code. (b) Class I and Class II flammable liquid tanks allowed in Section 79.501(a) shall be of less than 1000 gallons capacity and shall be located no less than 100 feet from any property line or building of other than a Group M Division 1 occupancy. EXCEPTION: The temporary use of above ground tanks is allowed for the storage of Class I and Class II liquids as permitted in Division X of Article 79 of The Uniform Fire Code as adopted by section 5130." T. Section 79.1206 of the Uniform Fire Code is amended by adding Section 79.1206(d) to read as follows: "d). Any vehicle parked in violation of Sections 79.1206 (a) or (b) shall be subject to an infraction citation." 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19'I 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Ordinance No. 1042 Page 12 U. Sections 24, 25, 26 and 27 of Appendix II -A of the Uniform Fire Code are hereby added to read as follows: 1124. USE OF EQUIPMENT (a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, no person shall use, operate, or cause to be operated, in upon or adjoining any hazardous fire area any internal combustion engine which uses hydrocarbon fuels, unless the engine is equipped with a spark arrester as defined in subsection (c) maintained in effective working order, or the engine is constructed, equipped and maintained for the prevention of fire pursuant to Section 24 (c). (b) Spark arresters affixed to the exhaust system of engines or vehicles subject to this section shall not be placed or mounted in such a manner as to allow flames or heat from the exhaust system to ignite any flammable material. (c) A spark arrester is a device constructed of nonflammable material specifically for the purpose of removing and retaining carbon and other flammable particles over 0.0232 of an inch in size from the exhaust flow of an internal combustion engine that uses hydrocarbon fuels or which is qualified and rated by the United States Forest Service. (d) Engines used to provide motive power for trucks, truck tractors, buses, and passenger vehicles, except motorcycles, are not subject to this section if the exhaust system is equipped with a muffler as defined in the Vehicle Code of the State of California. (e) Turbocharged engines are not subject to this section if all exhausted gases pass through the rotating turbine wheel, there is no exhaust bypass to the atmosphere, and the turbocharger is in effective mechanical condition. 25. No person shall sell, offer for sale, lease, or rent to any person any internal combustion engine subject to the provisions of Section 24 and not subject to the provisions of Section 13005 of the Health and Safety Code, unless he provides a written notice to the purchaser or bailee, at the time of sale or at the time of entering. into the lease or rental contract, stating that it is a violation of the Uniform Fire Code to use or operate the engine in upon or adjoining any hazardous fire area, unless the engine is equipped with a spark I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Ordinance No. 1042 Page 13 arrester, as defined in Section 24, maintained in effective working order or the engine is constructed,equipped, and maintained for the prevention of fire pursuant to Section 26. 26. No person shall use, operate, or cause to be operated in upon or adjoining any hazardous fire area any handheld portable, multiposition, internal-combustion engine manufactured after June 30, 1978, which is operated on hydrocarbon fuels, unless it is constructed and equipped and maintained for the prevention of fire in accordance with Section 4443 of the Public Resources Code of the State of California. 27. FUEL MODIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION This section shall apply to any new building to be built or installed in a hazardous fire area. (1) A Fuel Modification Plan shall be approved by the chief prior to the issuance of a grading permit. (2) The Fuel Modification shall be approved by the chief prior to the issuance of a building permit. (3) The Fuel Modification may be modified if conditions affecting the requirements for the plan change. Any modification of the plan shall be approved by the chief. (4) All elements of the Fuel Modification shall be maintained in accordance with the approved plan." Section 2: Severability of the parts of this ordinance and the adopted codes. It is hereby declared to be the intention of the City Council that the sections, paragraphs, sentences, clauses and phrases of this Ordinance and the adopted Codes are severable, and if any phrase, clause, sentence, paragraph or section of this Code shall be declared unconstitutional by the valid judgement oar decreeof court of competent jurisdiction, such unconstitutionality shall not affect any of the remaining phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs and sections of this Ordinance and the adopted Codes. Section 3: This Ordinance shall be in full force and effect thirty days after its passage and the City Clerk shall certify to the passage and adoption of this Ordinance by the City 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Ordinance No. 1042 Page 14 Council of the City of Tustin and shall, within fifteen (15) days after its final passage post a certified copy of the full text of the Ordinance at City Hall and cause a summary of the Ordinance to be published once in the Tustin News. a newspaper of general circulation which is hereby designated for that purpose. PASSED AND ADOPTED at a regular meeting of the City Council of the City of Tustin, held on the day of , 1990. Mary E. Wynn City Clerk Richard B. Edgar Mayor DRAFT LEAGUE OF CALIFORNIA CITIES A Position Paper RECOMMENDATION TO REDUCE FIRE LOSSES AND - FIRE PROTECTION COSTS THROUGH AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER PROGRAMS June, 1989 IN'T'RODUCTION This document has been prepared to accomplish the intent of Resolution Number 59 which was submitted by the Public Safety Committee and adopted by the League at its Annual Conference. The resolution authorized a study of the benefits of installing automatic sprinkler systems in all structures. This position paper, developed by the Fire Chiefs Department and the Public Safety Policy Committee, discusses the fire problem in California and the role of automatic fire sprinklers in decreasing the loss of life and property. The League of California Cities is concerned about life and property losses due to fire within California. The League is also concerned about the increasing costs and limited effectiveness of traditional fire protection methods. The information contained in this paper is intended to assist city council members and city managers to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of automatic fire sprinkler systems in controlling fire losses and fire protection delivery costs. The anticipated result will be improved fire and life safety through increased adoption of sprinkler ordinances by California cities. A Built in Fire Protection Committee was formed to accomplish this project. Members of the Committee are: Bill Daley, Chair, Fire Chief, Beverly Hills, Ron Coleman, Fire Chief, Fullerton Randv Lavelock, Fire Chief, Yuba City Bob 'McNabb, Fire Chief, Corona John Montenero, Fire Chief, Glendale Dick Moon, Fire Chief, San Bernardino ' Erwin Willis, Fire Marshal, San Luis Obispo Vern Hamilton, President, Fire Chiefs Department, Fire Chief, Napa Bob Burns, President, Fire Loss Management Systems, Project Consultant URAFT This summarizes a position paper prepared by the League's rare Chiefs Department and the Public Safety Policy Committee to accomplish the intent of Resolution Number 59, adopted by the League at Annual Conference. The resolution authorized a study of the benefits of fire sprinkler systems in all structures. Recent developments in automatic fire sprinkler technology provide cities with the opportunity to limit the cost of providing fire protection reduce deaths, injuries, and property losses. �- 'J EXE SUMMARY CALIFORNIA HAS A FIRE PROBLEM The California State Fire Marshal reports indicate that in the twelve year period from 1976 to 1987 the fire experience of California included: 0 2,228,264 fire incidents o $6 billion property and building contents loss 0 3,963 fire fatalities (citizens) 0 30,989 fire injuries (citizens) 0 45 fire fatalities (fire fighters) 0 16,968 fire injuries (fire fighters) 0 75 % of building fires occur in one and two family dwelling and apartments o Over 80610 of fire fatalities occur in residences o The young, the elderly and those with limited mobility comprise a disproportionate number of fatalities. 0 80 to 90% of small businesses which experience a serious fire end in bankruptcy Cities devote larsze sums of money to the operation of well trained and equipped fire departments. Still fire losses in the United States continue to be the worst in the industrialized world? How can fire losses be reduced while controlling fire protection service costs.) EVERY STRUCTURE WHICH IS BUILT WI'T'HOUT A SPRDaCLER SYSTEM PLACES A DEMAND UPON THE CITY FOR TRADITIONAL FIRE PROTEC'T'ION RESOURCES. EVERY STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTED WITHOUT A SPRINKLER SYSTEM IS AT RISK OF TOTAL LOSS DUE TO FIRE REGARD= OF THE SIZE AND RESOURCES OF THE FIRE DEPARTMENT. THE FIRE PROBLEM CAN BE CONTROLLED WITH FIRE SPRINKLERS Fire losses and fire fighting costs can be controlled by building fire protection into all buildings. Automatic sprinkler systems are the single most important element of built in fire protection. tj AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRDCKLER SYSTEMS ARE EFFECT VE o A fifty year record of sprinkler performance in the United States documents their effectiveness. In 81,425 fires, 96.2% were controlled or extinguished. o An 82 year experience in Australia/New Zealand, which maintain careful records, indicates a 99.817o effectiveness. U Extensive fire tests and experience prove that sprinklers provide a high level of fire protection. Few fire deaths occur in buildings equipped with sprinklers, and deaths that occur are often due to explosions or clothing fires. AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRPTKLER SYSTEMS ARE NOT EXPENSIVE o The cost of installing a sprinkler system in a new residence of 2,000 sq. ft. is approximately 51,500 to $2,000, about 1% the total cost of a house, or about the same as wall to wall carpeting. Retrofitting is about 50 percent more. o The cost of installing sprinklers in new commercial/industrial building construction is $1.00 to $2.50 per square foot. o Insurance reductions are available. Commercial /industrial reductions can amortize the cost of a system in 3 to 5 yeµrs. Residential reductions range from 5% to 20c, -,c. o Allowable construction flexibility resulting from sprinklers can offset sprinkler system costs during construction. .AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS ARE RELIABLE AND LIMIT FIRE LOSSES TO A MINTMUM o In residences which experience fire, property losses are 85% less in residences installed with sprinklers compared to those without fire sprinklers. o Water damage from sprinklers is negligible. Accidental leakage is rare. Insurance company records show accidental activation occurs in one out of 16,000,000 heads. o Sprinklers provide life safety by reducing the toxic by-products of fire. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, PLEASE CONSULT WITH YOUR FIRE CHIEF. ALL FIRE CHIEFS HAVE BEEN PROVIDED WrM EXTENSIVE DOCUMENTATION TO SUPPORT THE STATEMENTS IN THIS REPORT. PLEASE CONSIDER ADOPTING A SPRINKLER ORDINANCE IN YOUR COMMUNITY- 11 LEAGUE OF CALIF ORNIA CITIES A Position Paper RECOMMENDATION TO REDUCE FIRE LOSSES FIRE PROTECTION COSTS THROUGH AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER PROGRAMS June, 1989 ! Y. J two! SUMMARY The United States experiences the highest property loss and death -rate per capita in the world due to fire. "Appallingly, the richest and most technologically advanced nation in the world leads all the major industrialized countries in per capita deaths and property losses from fire" (Report of the National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control, 1972). This statement is still true today, seventeen years later. The United States aiso continues to have the highest number of structure fires per capita(l). Over 8007o of fire deaths occur in residential structures. A disproportionate number of these deaths are the elderly and young and other persons who have limited abilities to escape fire even when warned by smoke detectors. California continues to experience excessive fire deaths, injuries and property losses, even though losses are lower than the national average. These losses are in spite of the fact that the United States and California also have higher costs for fire protection systems, fire departments, fire insurance, and building code requirements in comparison to other industrialized countries. These losses are primarily the result of: o Inadequate fire protection planning in the design of structures and community planning in general. o Unrealistic expectations of the ability of fire departments to prevent injuries and loss of life, or to limit property losses after a fire has started. o Inaccurate assumptions regarding the effectiveness of the fire protection elements required by the standard building codes. o A lack of understanding and use of automatic sprinklers. o An unawareness by the public of the fire problem and the impacts of fire upon the individual and the community. o A lack of the social, economic, and legal pressures or educational emphasis to prevent accidental fires present in other industrialized nations. Some communities have utilized sprinkler systems as the basis of progressive fire protection programs with dramatic results. Fresno, California and Disney World, Florida are two examples. However, for the past 100 years, sprinkler systems have been adopted almost exclusively by large commercial and industrial occupancies but not by small businesses, residences and municipalities as a whole. Where sprinkler systems have been properly installed and maintained, multiple life losses due to fire have been eliminated and property losses are miniscule compared with similar unsprinklers structures. Disastrous conflagrations of the late 1800s and early 1900s spurred the insurance industry to promote improved building codes, water systems, larger fire departments, fire detection PA and automatic fire sprinkler systems. The insurance grading schedule resulted and it was successful. With rare exceptions, conflagrations in the commercial and industrial sections have been eliminated. The insurance industry credits sprinkler systems as the major cause of this change. Commercial and industrial properties, which install automatic sprinkler systems derive significant economic benefits from reduced insurance Other benefits include reduced construction costs, increased architectural flexibility, and tenant space becoming more desirable and producing higher revenues. Communities which have implemented sprinkler system programs on a community -wide basis have demonstrated that significant fire loss reductions occur and the cost of delivering fire protection services can be controlled for city governments and businesses within the community. This is especially true in developing communities. Structures built without sprinkler systems place demands upon the city for traditional fire protection resources. Every structure built without a sprinkler system faces total loss due to fire regardless of the size and resources of the department. Injuries, deaths and property damage due to fire in large commercial and industrial structures have been successfully reduced. However, significant property and life losses continue to occur. Losses are concentrated in residential occupancies. Some progress has been made in residential occupancies, through programs of voluntary and mandatory installation of smoke detectors. Fire fatalities have been decreasing over the past fifteen years but are rising again partially due to improper maintenance of residential smoke detectors. Life and property losses can be significantly reduced with substantial long-range savings through the use of automatic sprinkler systems. 3 THE FIRE PROBLEM IN CALIFORNL4 DRAFT Does the magnitude of fire losses in California warrant the concerns and efforts of California cities? Should a city council be concerned about fire protection? Service complaints are rare. With few exceptions, major urban areas have not been destroyed by fire and a substantial portion of the budget is already allocated to the fire department. California cities in general adopt the latest standard building and fire codes which are intended to provide fire safety. Caiit'ornia fire departments are staffed at levels comparable to cities in most states. The California fire protection system is consistent with "standard good practice." Why should city officials be concerned? California cities consistently maintain highly trained and well equipped fire departments. The "standard good practice" in this country is to apply 85 to 90 percent of fire department resources to the suppression of fires. In spite of the application of these resources, fire losses continue to be significant. Fire Statistics Statistics for a 14 Year Period The California Fire Incident Reporting System (CFIRS), maintained by the State Fire Marshal, indicates that in the twelve-year period between 1976 and 1987 the fire experience in California included the following(2): 0 2,228,264 fire incidents o $6 billion of property and contents loss 0 3,963 fire fatalities (citizens) 0 30,989 fire injuries (citizens) 0 45 fire fatalities (fire fighters) 0 16,968 fire injuries (fire fighters) Statistics for 1987 The CFIRS report for 1987 documented a fire experience of the following: 0 162,203 fires (total all fires: structure, brush, auto, etc.) o $669,291,000 total fire loss (indirect losses not included) 0 42,480 were building fires. 0 307 fire deaths 0 2,259 fire injuries 4 0 2617o of alt fires occurred in buildings 0 79% of ►,,e loss occurred in buildings Z2 M &W#(;1AFT 0 52°10 of fire deaths occurred in buildings 0 68% of fire injuries occurred in buildings In 1987 a large percentage of the fires, deaths, injuries and dollar losses in buildings involved residential occupancies: Building Fires 0 7517o occurred in residences 0 25% occurred in commercial/industrial occupancies Of the residential fires: 50% were in one- and two- family dwellings 22% were in apartments • 3% were in hotels, motels and dormitories Fatalities 0 95% occurred in residences 0 5% occurred in commercial/industrial occupancies Of the residential fatalities: 66% occurred in one- and two- family dwellings 26% occurred in apartments 3% occurred in hotels, motels and dormitories Fire Loss 0 60010 occurred in residences- S318;912,000 0 40% occurred in commercial/industrial occupancies- $212,131,000 Of the residential losses: $229,201,000 occurred in one- and two-family residences $ 77,390,000 occurred in apartments $ 12,321,000 occurred in hotels, motels and dormitories 5 Table 1 provides a det, .d listing of the fire fatalities, injure, a,.: prope 8&4e r California for 1987. 9u TABLE 1 - CALIFORNIA FIRE INCIDENTS AND LOSSES • 1987 TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL ONE -TUO APARTMENTS HOTELS BUILDING RESIDENTIAL FAMILY MOTELS FIRES FIRES DWELLINGS DORMATORIES FIRES 162,203 42,480 31,540 21,063 9,238 1,239 FIRE LOSS %669,291,000 5531,063,000 5318,912,000 $229,201,000 577,390,000 $12,321,000 CITIZEN FATALITIES 307 161 153 107 .4 2 4 . CITIZEN INJURIES 2,259 1,529 11417 826 628 165 FIREFIGHTER ' FATALITIES 2 1 1 1 0 0 FIREFIGHTER . INJURIES 1,051 750 588 430 105 53 Source: California State Fire Marshal - 1987 CFIRS Indirect Fire Losses The fire loss figures quoted do not include the indirect costs. Indirect costs include: medical treatment; business failures; loss of business; housing and relocation costs; loss of records, art work, personal mementos and heirlooms, etc. In many cases, indirect costs may increase losses --by a factor of two to five. The United States Small Business Association has estimated that 80 to 90 percent of small businesses which experience serious fires do not recover economically and end in bankruptcy. Over the past 14 years, 36,608 persons have sustained burn injuries due to fires. These are truly hidden costs. Disfigured victims of fire are rarely seen in public. However, thousands of victims exist in our burn centers, rehabilitation centers or behind the closed doors of their homes. Burn injuries require extensive periods of treatment and are one of the most costly injuries to treat. The average initial hospitalization of burn victims requires 4 to 8 weeks for 40 percent of the patients; 20 percent require 6 to 12 weeks; and 40 percent require 8 to 16 weeks of initial treatment. The range of mean charges for initial hospitalization is $16,541 to $132,953. The average cost is $52,190. These time -periods and charges are for initial 6 t * % hospitalizations and treatments and do not include subsequent surgeries, hospitalization or rehabilitation. (6) Burn injuries are compounded by the emotional stress experienced by victims and their families, a burden which frequently leads to severe emotional trauma and family disintegration. The tragedy of these injuries is indicated by the fact that although children comprise only 171'0 of the population children account for 44% of the serious burn injuries. Burn -related deaths are the leading cause of accidental deaths for children under the age of 14. At least 50 percent of the burns are preventable. (6) Fifty-seven percent of these burn injuries occur in the home(7). Inaccurate Assumptions of the Effectiveness of Building/Safety Codes Modern building codes are presumed to provide fire safety as a result of building design . and construction. Some of the assumptions of building design have proven to be mistaken. For example: o Buildings design can prevent fire and smoke from penetrating floors above a fire in multiple story buildings. o Safe exiting of occupants will be provided by fire resistive assemblies, alarm systems and exit -ways. o Persons exiting in an emergency will exit in a predetermined, rational manner, and will commence exiting when an alarm sounds. o Building design provides adequate exiting for the handicapped, elderly and young children in all structures including multiple story buildings. o Fire protection features of structures will continue to be effective after they are installed. Experience has shown that fire Losse; failures of building features and the fay smoke frequently penetrate fire asse fatalities and property damage. se Hotel in Las Vegas; the Dorothy -� San Francisco and the First Interstate Past experience clearly indicates that: iries, and fatalities continue to occur due to re of occupants to perform as expected. Fire and )lies and spread to other building areas resulting in conditions existed in the fires at the MGM Grand Hotel in Los Angeles; the Cathedral Hill Hotel in Bank Building in Los Angeles. o Occupants frequently ignore alarms or emergency instructions thereby enabling fires to block successful exiting. o The very young, elderly and those physically limited are frequently unable to exit, especially in multi -story occupancies where elevators are used for normal egress. o In a fire situation, an elevator may send its occupant directly to the fire floor rather than a safe exit. o Fire protection features of buildings are modified, disabled or removed by occupants or become inoperative due to lack of maintenance. The deterioration of fire safety features is predictable. Some deficiencies are corrected by fire departments as part of their fire code maintenance inspections. But frequently, fire departments do not inspect all buildings with sufficient frequency to assure the proper operation of all fire safety features. A 1987 study by the SIGMA Insurance Loss Control Services indicated that 41 percent of fire doors were defective in a special study of commercial, manufacturing, residential, and warehouse occupancies. (8) o Smoke removal systems which are required by the building code have questionable value. (9) o The fire fighting resources necessary to control a structure fire are determined by the size, construction and contents of the building. There is no correlation between these factors and the corresponding fire control requirements of fire departments when codes are developed. The same Uniform Building Code is adopted by cities with small volunteer fire departments and by cities with large numbers of paid forces and extensive inventories of equipment. o In the 1970s, large quantities and varieties of synthetic materials became commonly used as furnishings. The amount of combustible furnishings in structures has been estimated to have doubled. These new materials have increased combustion rates and toxic gas emissions 5 to 15 times over the combustion and toxic gas emission rate of wood. Building code requirements have not been adjusted to confront these changing conditions. Tests such as Operation San Francisco have sprinklers, fires are controlled with minimal many or all of the conditions listed above emissions is especially significant. Unrealistic Expectations of Fire Control demonstrated that buildings installed with risk to occupants and property even though may be present. The control of toxic gas Fire departments are expected to be capable of responding to reported fires in sufficient time and with the resources needed to prevent losses and to rescue or protect occupants. However, the allowable fire areas established in the building code produce fire fighting work loads which often exceed available fire fighting resources. Structure fires typically develop at a rate producing unsurvivable atmospheres in the room of fire origin within seven to eight minutes. This stage of a fire is referred to as "flashover." In most cases, fire suppression forces will not arrive prior to flashover. A response scenario required to control fires prior to flashover can be provided by only a few 8 - , 0 . '* *' - DFi (AF departments under lit.__ _.;d conditions. The effective rescu,, persons trapped in fires is rare. Most fatalities occur prior to the arrival of the fire department. However, structures equipped with sprinkler systems can begin to control fires within minutes of ignition (see Table 2) and substantially restrain the fire growth until the fire department arrives. Table 2 - Fire Growth vs. Reflex Time FlaSt1oV'er A)" 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Minutes I rime varies I t iq�rt Fre system response time I 1 Application of Ignition i 0Detection � e � to OispatCh ( "�w� i alarm Lot units Respond to scene iSet agent L - � 1 rime k-arectty Time directty manageable j I manageable I J 0114 ROW *N MISCONCEYnONS ABOUT SPRINKLER SYSTEMS The primary misconceptions about sprinkler systems are reflected in these questions which will be answered in the remainder of this paper. Are sprinkler systems effective for property protection and life safety, especially in residences? Do water flows from sprinklers cause excessive damage? Do sprinkler heads detract from building aesthetics? E automatic sprinwer tiro growth AV f A% . Fre growth with automatic sprinkler 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Minutes I rime varies I t iq�rt Fre system response time I 1 Application of Ignition i 0Detection � e � to OispatCh ( "�w� i alarm Lot units Respond to scene iSet agent L - � 1 rime k-arectty Time directty manageable j I manageable I J 0114 ROW *N MISCONCEYnONS ABOUT SPRINKLER SYSTEMS The primary misconceptions about sprinkler systems are reflected in these questions which will be answered in the remainder of this paper. Are sprinkler systems effective for property protection and life safety, especially in residences? Do water flows from sprinklers cause excessive damage? Do sprinkler heads detract from building aesthetics? E 01 Are expensive water system connection fees necessary to fund the water departments' ability to supply sprinkler systems? Do insurance companies provide insurance reductions for single family dwellings with sprinklers? Do sprinkler requirements for new construction increase development costs, discourage developers, and further complicate the issue of affordable housing? Syrinklers Have -a Documented History of Reliable Performance The most persuasive -benefit of automatic sprinklers is a 100 -year history of successful performance. Numerous studies indicate that fires in buildings installed with sprinklers have been successfully controlled or extinguished. 0 96.2% effectiveness is documented in National Fire Protection Association data from 1925 to 1969. (81,425 fires) (5) 0 98.4% effective in New York high-rise buildings 1969 to 1978. (1,648 fires) 0 95.8% effective in New York low-rise buildings, 1969 to 1978. (4,061 fires) 0 98.2% effective in U.S. Department of Energy Facilities, 1952 to 1980. 0 95.7% effective in U.S. Navy shore facilities, 1964 to 1977 (724 fires) 0 61.517,o of fires are extinguished with two or less sprinkler heads operating. • (5) Australia/New Zealand - 82 year experience A study of the Australian/New Zealand experience over the past 82 years documents an even higher level of success: (10) 0 99.8% of the fires in buildings installed with sprinklers have been controlled or extinguished by sprinklers. 0 66.6% of the time one sprinkler head controlled or extinguished the fire. _- 0 In 82 years, 5 fatalities occurred in buildings installed with sprinklers all but one were caused by explosions. 10 The higher success of Australia and New Zealand (99.8 vs. 96.2 for U.S.) is related to a higher level of electronic monitoring of water supply controls which provides more accurate records of successful activations and assures that water supplies are maintained. The United States and Australia/New Zealand experience provides documentation that automatic sprinklers prevent fire injuries and fatalities. Multiple fire fatalities do not occur in buildings installed with sprinklers. The few fatalities which have occurred are caused by incidents such as explosions and ignition of clothing. Disnev World/E..pcot Center. Florida - 15 -year eXper rience When Disney World and the Epcot Center were developed about fifteen years ago, a high level of fire protection was provided as part of the project design. (11) This included the following: o Sprinklers were in installed in buildings over 1,000 square feet. o Buildings were provided with smoke detectors. o Sprinkler systems were provided with electronic monitoring of water supply control valves. o Systems are inspected and tested every two months. o Fire prevention training is an integral and continuing part of employee training programs. As of 1989, the daily population of Disney World/Epcot Center is 200,000 which includes 10,000 employees and 48,000 hotel guests. There are approximately 13,000 dwelling units installed with sprinklers. The fire statistics of this facility for the past 15 years are: o There have been no fire injuries or fatalities. o The average annual fire loss is less than $5,000. o All fires have been controlled with two or less sprinkler heads. o There have been no sprinkler system failures. The Disney World fire department is staffed with 50 percent less personnel than nine California cities with an average population of 262,000. Thirty-three percent of the on -duty staff is assigned to fire prevention or fire protection system inspection and testing. (11) Fresno California - 15 year experience(12) In 1964, the City of Fresno adopted comprehensive automatic sprinkler requirements. In conjunction with a redevelopment project in the principal business district, and two other major development projects, over 5. 7 million square feet of buildings were equipped with sprinklers. Ninety-three percent of the principal business district (3.7 million square feet) has been provided with fire sprinklers. 11 t In 1984, an in-depth study was conducted to determine the impact of this sprinkler program on the three areas. The results were: o Fire losses had been reduced by 93.8 percent: Number Years Total Fire Loss arfo fires 1954-1969 $1,351,209 $90,080 62 1970-1984 S 82,573 S 5,504 67 o The three fire stations which served the principal business district in 1964 had been reduced to one, with an annual estimated savings of $1,897,000 (1984 dollars). (12) o The insurance rating of the City of Fresno was improved from a Class 3 to a Class 2, (Insurance Services Office rating) primarily due to the extensive installation of sprinklers. (13) Other communities in California have adopted community -wide sprinkler ordinances and are experiencing similar results including; San Clemente, Salinas, and Mountain View. THE RESIDEPMAL FIRE PROBLEM Smoke Detectors: A Limited Solution In the early 1970s, programs were initiated to encourage or require the installation of residential smoke detectors. In 1984, the State of California began mandating the installation of smoke detectors in single and multi -family residences. (3) Today it is estimated that 75 percent of: the residences have installed smoke detectors. Over the past fifteen years, annual fire deaths nationally have decreased from 12,000 to 6,000 per year, primarily due to the installation of smoke detectors. (4,5) Life loss in California has been reduced by 13 percent over the past 14 years. (2) Numbers of residential structure fires reported to most fire departments have decreased. However, it is generally conceded that further reductions through smoke detector programs are not probable. There is growing concern over the failure of homeowners to maintain detectors. Recent studies indicate that forty to , fifty percent of all smoke detectors installed in dwellings are not working due to a lack of maintenance. An increasing number of fatalities in dwellings with improperly maintained smoke detectors are being reported and fire fatalities have been decreasing over the past fifteen years but are now rising again partially due to improper maintenance of residential smoke detectors. Fire Sprinklers New technology has provided materials and equipment which have been used to produce effective, aesthetically pleasing and cost-effective residential sprinkler systems. 12 Tests have been conducted in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, San Francisco and Los Angeles which have validated the successful performance of these new systems. The California State Fire Marshal evaluated the systems and published a recommended standard in 1986. (14) The results of Operation San Francisco, a series of sixteen residential sprinkler tests in 1983, provide conclusive and well documented evidence that quick acting, life safety sprinkler systems are effective in reducing risks to life and property in residential and commercial occupancies. (9) Operation Life Safety (OLS) is an organization sponsored by the International Association of Fire Chiefs and formed to implement the results of Operation San Francisco. OLS is collecting and documenting fire incident data related to residential sprinkler operations. The growing data base of successes is validating previous studies and analysis. For example; Cobb County, Georgia has recorded 18 residential fires which were successfully controlled by sprinklers. All fires were controlled* with one sprinkler head except one. It has been estimated that 17 lives would have been lost without sprinklers. (15) A comparative study of fire losses in sprinklered and unsprinklered dwellings was conducted by the City of Scottsdale, Arizona in conjunction with the United States Fire Administration in April, 1982. Property savings of 85 percent were recorded in those structures with automatic sprinklers. (16) The United States Fire Administration has estimated that the cost of installing of a sprinkler system in a new 2,000 square foot residence is $1,500 to $2,000. This represents about 1 percent of the cost of construction, far less than the cost of a fully automatic burglar alarm system and about the same cost as wall-to-wall carpeting. Retrofitting is about 50 percent more. In residential tract construction, design flexibility provided can offset most or all of the costs of sprinkler installations (reviewed in detail under "Economic Benefits of Sprinkler Systems"). An increasing number of communities are adopting residential sprinkler ordinances. San Clemente, California and Cobb County, Georgia were early leaders in the residential sprinkler program. See enclosed materials for a list of California communities which have adopted residential sprinkler ordinances. The Economic Benefits of Automatic Sprinkler S tvs ems The economic benefits of sprinkler systems fall into five general categories. 1. Construction flexibility and allowable code deviations 2. Insurance rate reductions 3. Limitation of city and fire department costs 4. Maintenance of stable economy through protection of key industries. 5. Reassessment exemptions for sprinkler installations D F-1 A og: Construction FlexibiliZ, and Allowable Code Deviations The building code establishes fire resistance standards for structures with the assumption that a major fire will occur. Buildings are constructed with varying levels of fire resistive materials to provide for exiting, to confine fires to predetermined areas, and to prevent structural failure. Because a sprinkler system can extinguish or controi fires before they reach serious proportions, it is more effective to invest in automatic fire control than passive fire resistance, which has frequently proven to be ineffective. The Uniform Building Code provides design and construction options for sprinklered buildings which are not available to non-sprinklered structures. Also Uniform Fire Code requirements may be modified when sprinklers are installed. For example, standard code provisions which can be modified to provide increased design flexibility are: -Maximum floor area by type of construction -Travel distances to exits -Interior flame spread requirements -Fire resistance of fire assemblies and structural members -Placement of windows -Fire resistance of tenant separation walls -Location and quantity of fire walls -Standpipe and fire hose requirements -Fife .apparatus access roads -One-hour corridors -Building height limits Design flexibility which has been provided by some communities to sprinklered developments includes requirement modifications for: -Private street widths -Street grade requirements -Cul-de-sac lengths and turnarounds -Water main sizing (fire flow requirements) -Water storage requirements -Fire hydrant spacing -Set-back distances In general, when code interpretations are required to accommodate new architectural and construction methods, building and fire officials allow greater flexibility in meeting the intent of codes when the structures in question are sprinklered buildings. Many cities are encouraging developers to install sprinkler systems by allowing available building and fire code alternatives and modifying selected development requirements. In the case of single family dwelling tracts, the reduction of requirements for water main sizes, fire hydrant spacing, cul-de-sac length, cul-de-sac radii, andgeneral development density can partially or completely offset the costs of installing sprinklers in the dwellings. The 14 AAF options offered by Cobb County, Georgia, are listed in Tabs, 3 and options available in Salinas, California, are listed in Table +. Table 3 - Cobb County Georgia Building Code Reauirements COBB COUNTY, GEORGIA BUILDING CODE REgUIREMENTS 'vlthout Residential The Sprinklers With Residential Me dprtnWers Savtn4s/Advsatag• enant separation walls must be.made y,' standard gypsum wallboard may be 623.00 per 1.000 sq. fL of %- 7..Ie X Fire Rated gypsum wallboard. substituted. V Type + Fire Rated gypsum wallboard and k- plvwood must be used In one- hour fiooricefling aLsemblfes. Fire stops are required in the attic at "ery unit. Maximum tenant travel to a the exit must not exceed 20 feet. Tenants may not travel by other tenants' doors unless those doors are % hour Are rated doors In 20 minute frames with 3 U.L. listed spring hinge closers. one hour rating on galls and doors of hasartous areas. All buildings must have a 4 -hour masonry wall every 6.000 square reef+ Buildings must be placed on property to not exceed 50' from paved parking area for aerial rescue operauons. Source: Cobb County—CA K• standard gypsum wallboard and %' 555.00 per 1.000 sq. ft. plywood may be substituted in fiooNceil- ing assemblies. Fire stops in attic required every 3.000 square feet. Exits may exceed the m=rnurn re- quired travel from a tenant with one exit and may be exceeded by 15 feet for a maximum travel of 35 feet Standard doors and frames with no ciosers may be used. No one-hour racing of walls and doors of hazardous ares. Only a 2 -hour wail is required at 8.000 square feet and 4 -hour wall not re- quired until 10.000 square feet Buildings allowed up to 100' from street or parking area. This allows treedorn in design as well as being able to place building in more esthetic surrounding. 15 $123.00 each Are stop Design Freedom $111.70 each door 123.00 per 1.000 sq. ft. Iwalisl 3 11 1.70 each door 58.345 each 4 -hour wall Note: Cost of 2 -hour Sheetroek Wail -3750.00 Design Freedom 16 Table 4- SALINAS, CALIFORNIA - OPTIONS FOR STRUCTURES W= SPREgXLER SYSTEMS REQUIREMENTS UNSPRINKLEREDSPRINKLERED 1. FIRE FLOW a. Single family 3+ per acre, including mobile home parks 1,000 GPM N/A b. Duplexes and one story neighborhood commercial 1,500 GPM 1,250 GPM c. Multi -family, 1 & 2 story; light industry or light commercial 21000 GPM 19750 GPM d. IVMu!ii-family, 3+ story; heavy commercial or heavy industrial 2,500 GPM 29000 GPM 2. FIRE HYDRANTS: a. Spacing - single family 500 ft. 600 ft. b. Spacing - commercial, industrial, multi -family 300 ft. 500 ft. 3. PRIVATE DRIVEWAYS a. Maximum depth 150 ft. 200 ft. 4. ACCESS a. Maximum distance to entrance of each building 100 ft. 150 ft. Fire protection requirements for buildings when equipped with automatic fire sprinklers. (10/14/85) 16 4 In 1978 a study conducted by Lothrop Associates, Architect for the Council of American Building Officials, under a grant from the U.S. Fire Administration, indicated that sprinklers -have the potential to provide substantial construction costs savings. Cost savings after installation of a sprinkler system for these structures was: o A high-rise office building - $200,000 o A mid -rise apartment building - $15,000 o A low-rise mercantile/office - minimal (options not used) Numerous independent studies of sprinkler construction cost savings have been conducted. _ Occupancy Construction _ Type Year Cost Saving •• High-rise 1969 23%(17) High-rise 1974 $94,000 (18) High-rise 1975 $228,000 (19) Hospital remodel . 1978 $95,000 (20) Laboratory 1979 $486,000 (21) Medical Center 1980 $780,000 (22) Insurance Rate Reductions Insurance rate reductions are available to all structures where sprinkler systems are installed. Certain high risk occupancies receive significant rate reductions which can amortize the cost of installation in a short period. Lower risk occupancies amortize costs over a longer period of time. The effectiveness of automatic sprinklers in reducing fire losses has been recognized by the insurance industry for a hundred years. The Factory Mutual System credits sprinklers with bringing the annual property losses from 30 cents per $100 of insured value (1890s) to less than 3 cents per $100 of insured value (1980s). (23) Case studies of fire insyrance savings related to sprinklered properties were conducted by the U. S. Fire Administration! -in conjunction with the insurance and sprinkler industries.:. 'Me. -results. are..... shown in Table 5. One additional entry to this table was provided by the City. of Sunnyvale, Califomia, as part of its development of a residential sprinkler ordinance.:_ Over twenty insurance companies in California provide homeowners insurance credit for residential sprinkler systems. Insurance credits range from five percent to twenty percent. (24) Allstate Insurance Company, one of the three largest companies in the residential insurance market has recently initiated a 10% credit for residential sprinklers. .146 � l� TABLE S UriAF1 CASE STUDIES OF INSURANCE SAVINGS ON SPRDrKLERED PROPERTIES An ordinance adopted in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1983 required the installation of sprinkler systems in existing hotels exceeding 75 feet in height. The average insurance cost reduction was 51 percent for structures and 13 percent for contents. There is an increasing trend in California to establish insurance rates through the use of actuarial analysis of fire losses. California has experienced a fire loss of over $6.5 billion during the past 14 -year period. If all of the structures lost had been protected by automatic fire sprinklers, a conservative estimate of loss reduction would have been 80 percent or 5.2 billion (801% x 6.5 billion). Substantial savings would result which should be reflected in insurance rates. Svrinklers Can Help Control City and Fire Department Costs Buildings with sprinkler systems require fewer fire fighting resources and personnel to perform fire control, smoke removal and water removal when compared to unsprinklered buildings. Since fires are controlled by the sprinkler system the response time of personnel and apparatus can be lengthened. The installation of buildings with sprinklers helps to reduce personnel and apparatus requirements and consequently reduce costs. Sprinkler systems required in the development of new and fast growing communities help to reduce the growth of fire department staffing while providing a high level of fire protection service. Fresno, San Clemente, Palm Springs, and Mountain View, California, Scottsdale, Arizona; and Disney World, Florida; are examples. In the case of existing communities with areas of the community which are not sprinklered, the existing fire fighting forces probably cannot be reduced without a retrofit program similar to that implemented in Fresno. However, additional growth of the fire department 18 Insurance insurance Sprinkler Sprinkler Before Alter System Annual System Property sprinklers Sprinklers Cost SATizLes Amortisation Food Processing Plant $308.377 5 7.709 $177.100 $300.668 7 months Metal Stamping Plant S 74.000 $11.843 S 69.753 S 62.157 13 months Supermarket 5 3.350 S 1.173 $ 7.611 S 2.227 3-1h years Country Club S 52.500 311.100 S 21.250 S 41.400 6 months Restaurant $ 5.820 S 786 S 15.815 S 5.034 3 years Carpet ' Manu fact uring Plant S 30.780 S 6.156 S 64.790 S 24.624 2-1h years Paint Warehouse S 26.300 S 6.575 S 52.300 S 19.725 2-1h years Shopping Center 5 19.850 S 5.955 S 62.196 S 13.895 4-1h years Nursing S 10.200 $ 5.610 S 24.200 S 4.590 5 years 5uurc": Phillips and Corn finny. Grinnell Fire llrotecuun Systems Cu.. /nc. Wood frame apt. $6,470 $2,190 $181000 $4,280 4 years Sunnyvale, CA 1988 An ordinance adopted in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1983 required the installation of sprinkler systems in existing hotels exceeding 75 feet in height. The average insurance cost reduction was 51 percent for structures and 13 percent for contents. There is an increasing trend in California to establish insurance rates through the use of actuarial analysis of fire losses. California has experienced a fire loss of over $6.5 billion during the past 14 -year period. If all of the structures lost had been protected by automatic fire sprinklers, a conservative estimate of loss reduction would have been 80 percent or 5.2 billion (801% x 6.5 billion). Substantial savings would result which should be reflected in insurance rates. Svrinklers Can Help Control City and Fire Department Costs Buildings with sprinkler systems require fewer fire fighting resources and personnel to perform fire control, smoke removal and water removal when compared to unsprinklered buildings. Since fires are controlled by the sprinkler system the response time of personnel and apparatus can be lengthened. The installation of buildings with sprinklers helps to reduce personnel and apparatus requirements and consequently reduce costs. Sprinkler systems required in the development of new and fast growing communities help to reduce the growth of fire department staffing while providing a high level of fire protection service. Fresno, San Clemente, Palm Springs, and Mountain View, California, Scottsdale, Arizona; and Disney World, Florida; are examples. In the case of existing communities with areas of the community which are not sprinklered, the existing fire fighting forces probably cannot be reduced without a retrofit program similar to that implemented in Fresno. However, additional growth of the fire department 18 D 47AFT can be limited by requiring the installation of sprinklers in new developments. Service demands such as; emergency medical services and HAZMATS, may require the construction and staffing of fire stations, but at staffing levels lower than that required for traditional fire suppression. Fire Sprinklers can also help control other city costs. Since many California municipalities are self-insured, the protection of public properties and capital improvement programs through automatic sprinkler protection is sound management practice. Sprinklers Can Help Stabilize a Local Economy The economic stability of an entire community can be adversely affected by the loss due to fire. It is not uncommon for a community to lose jobs and revenues when a major industry having suffers extensive fire losses and discontinues operations or chooses to relocate in another community. In smaller communities where the local economy is dependent upon a few industrial or commercial operations the loss of a key employer may have severe impacts upon the community. The required installation of sprinklers in such occupancies should be part of the long-range planning of each community. Reassessment Exemption for Sprinkler Systems Residential and commercial properties which install sprinkler systems after November 7, 1984 are exempt from property tax reassessment related to those improvements. (California State Revenue and Taxation Code Section 74 (a). WATER SYSTEM CONNECTION FEES FOR SPRINKLER SYSTEMS ARE FREQUENTLY EXCESSIVE AND UNJUSTHiED Fire line (water supply) charges are frequently levied against sprinkler systems on the same basis as charges for industrial commercial connections and for connections to fire hydrants, both users of large volumes of water. The justification for these charges is based on the need to provide storage and a distribution system for large flows of water. Automatic fire sprinkler systems do not require large volumes of water, and in some cases water system requirements can be reduced in areas where all structures are sprinklered. The traditional justification for water supply charges does not apply to fire sprinkler systems. Excessive fire line charges levied against sprinkler systems can significantly reduce the economic benefit of a sprinkler system. Cities should review their fire line fee structure, and eliminate all costs not justified for installation and maintena ce of fire sprinkler system connections. 19 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Fire losses in California cities constitute a significant problem. Fire deaths, injuries and property losses are concentrated in residential occupancies Traditionai r: ethods of delivering fire protection services require large fire righting forces and have limited effectiveness. Fire losses and fire protection costs can be reduced through the increased use of automatic fire sprinkler systems. There are significant benefits for developers and building owners who install automatic sprinkler systems. The benefits of sprinkler systems are not fully understood and utilized by residential and small business segments of communities. Through a program of public education, cities should encourage voluntary installation of sprinklers systems and establish support for sprinkler ordinances. Regulatory and administrative barriers to sprinkler installation should be eliminated. All city facilities, new and existing, should be sprinklered. Long-range community plans should include the installation of automatic fire sprinklers in all new structures. Ordinances should be adopted which require automatic sprinklers. Other public agencies such as school districts should be encouraged to install sprinklers in all new and existing structures. Methods of funding the installation of sprinklers in existing structures should be identified and developed. Inspection and testing programs should be provided which will assure the reliability of sprinkler systems and alarm systems. (Footnotes Not Included) We FIRE SPRINKLERS: How You.Can Save Lives and Property ........................ Your Guide to Automatic Fire Sprinklers ■or iis� Lam.-jue of California Ck....s 4 0=- 1400 K STREET • SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 • (916) 444-5790 California Cites Work Together Sacramento, CA October 11, 1989 To: Fire Chiefs From: Clark Goecker, Assistant Director Subject: Automatic Fire Sprinkler Packet The Institute for Local Self Government is pleased to distribute the attached Automatic Fire Sprinkler packet to California city fire chiefs. This packet has been prepared to accomplish the intent of an Annual Conference Resolution which supported a study of the benefits of installing automatic sprinkler systems in structures. The purpose of this project is to reduce the loss of life and property due to structural fires. The information contained in this packet provides a guide for city officials interested in evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of automatic fire sprinkler systems to control fire losses and fire protection costs. The position paper was prepared by the Fire Chiefs Department of the League of California Cities and has been published and distributed by the Institute for Local Self Government which published public safety reports in the 1970's that helped shape the future of public safety in California. All mayors, council members and city managers have been provided with the Executive Summary and Information Cards contained in this folder. The Fire Sprinkler Position Paper has been mailed only to fire chiefs. Mayors, council members, and city managers have been asked to contact their fire chief for further information about the fire problem in their city and how automatic fire sprinklers systems can help control their city's fire loss. A:\coverspf NOW ■ME NEW Le...jue of California Cit. A No- 1400 K STREET • SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 • (916) 444-5790 California Cites Work Together _ Sacramento, CA October 11, 1989 To: Mayors, Council Members and City Managers From: Clark Goecker, Assistant Director Subject: Automatic Fire Sprinkler Packet The Institute for Local Self Government is pleased to distribute the attached Automatic Fire Sprinkler packet to California mayors, council members and city managers. This packet has been prepared to accomplish the intent of an Annual Conference Resolution which supported a study of the benefits of installing automatic sprinkler systems in structures. The purpose of this project is to reduce the loss of life and property due to structural fires. The Executive Summary and Information Cards contained in this packet are an abbreviated version of the Fire Sprinkler Position Paper that has been developed. This information provides a brief guide for city officials interested in evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of automatic fire sprinkler systems to control fire losses and fire protection costs. The position paper was prepared by the Fire Chiefs Department of the League of California Cities and has been published and distributed by the Institute for Local Self Government which published public safety reports in the 1970's that helped shape the future of public safety in California. All city fire chiefs have been provided with the Fire Sprinkler Position Paper which contains additional information on automatic fire sprinklers, aside from what is contained in this packet. Please contact your fire chief for further information about the fire problem in your city and how automatic fire sprinklers systems can help control your city's fire loss. A:\coversp Fire is a de. .ve force whose tragic con- sequences are h ..cured in human and eco- nomic costs. A fire that causes serious injury or death, or destroys a major employer's facility or historiol building, has a devastat- ing impact on a -community. Fire losses and the cost of delivering fire services are major economic and social costs for cities. Through modern fire protection methods, fire losses and fire protection delivery costs can be controlled. The installation of automatic fire sprinkler systems is the cornerstone of modern fire protection. Sprinklers can control fire losses while reducing the cost of fire protec- tion. Fire protection is a community -wide respon- sibility. Fire departments cannot provide adequate fire protection without broad com- munity support. The major fire protection role of mayors and city council members is to assure that community -wide fire protection systems function effectively. Mayors and i � � counci' ibers play pivotal roles in control- ling firs . _ yes and fire protection costs by: ■ Encouraging the implementation of progres- sive fire protection methods. ■ Involving city departments in the support of progressive fire protection planning and delivery. Key departments to be involved should include planning, building and water. ■ Adopting Ordinances which limit fire risks and implementing advanced fire protection meth- ods to meet the unique needs of each commu- nity. 0 Assuring that the private sector meets its fire protection responsibilities. ■ Encouraging community -wide fire safety edu- cation and ensuring training and educational opportunities for fire protection personnel. I At some pc . every elected official's term of office, a fire -rested crisis will occur. It may be a major commercial building fire, a wildland fire incident, a hotel or motel fire with many deaths, a series of severe arson fires, or a funding crisis for response to these situations. It is important for the mayor and members of the city council to be familiar with the major issues in fire control. The Fire Chiefs Department of the League of California Cities prepared this automatic fire sprinkler position packet to provide elected officials with an overview of California's fire problem and the role of automatic fire sprin- klers in decreasing the loss of life and property due to fire. The Institute for Local Self Govern- ment, funded by the Lilly Foundation in the 1970's, published public safety reports that helped shape the future of public safety in California and has printed and published the information in this packet. P Thi: :et of information has been sent to all mayojL a, council members and city manag- ers. Additionally, all fire chiefs have been provided with supplemental information supporting the premises of this packet. An "Automatic Fire Sprinkler Position Paper" has been provided to the chiefs which explores the fire problem in depth and recommends the in- stallation of automatic fire sprinklers as an alternative to traditional fire fighting meth- ods. After reading this information we urge you to contact your city's fire chief to discuss any questions you may have about the informa- tion contained in this packet or to discuss your city's fire problem. 6 In the United ku s Fact: Each -year 6,000 people die,100,000 more are injured and $9 billion in property is lost through fires. _ Fact: The total direct cost of fires to the Ameri- can public is $30 billion annually. Fact: Approximately one-quarter of all residen- tial fires occur in low-rise multi -family build- ings. Fact: Of the 6,000 fire deaths that occur each year in the United States, less than 1 percent have occurred in high-rise buildings. In the State of California Fact: There are more than 160,000 fires per year. Fact: Residential fires account for more than 31,000 of the fires and two-thirds of these fires (21,000) occur in one -and two-family dwell- ings. Fact: More than 3,300 people are injured by fire every year, with 300 becoming fire fatalities. Over 2,000 injuries and 150 deaths result from residential fires. Fact: Direct fire loss is over $660 million annu- ally. Residential fires account for almost fifty percent of the dollar loss. Old and Young Victims A disproportionate number of burn injuries and fatalities hit the young, elderly and those with limited mobility. Although children comprise only 17 percent of the total popula- tion, 44 percent of serious burn injuries are to children Burn related deaths are the leading cause of accidental deaths for children under the age of 14. Fifty-seven percent of these burn injuries occur in the home. Your Co. ,pity Your community has a fire lass record. The key questions you should be a4king about the fire losses in your community are: ■ How many fires do we have each year? ■ What are our fire loss figures for the last five years? ■ What percentage of our fires are in single and multi -family residences? ■ What is the potential for fire deaths to occur in residences in our community? • What is the potential for future fire loss and would a requirement for AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEMS in commercial and residential buildings reduce future fire deaths and property loss in our community? 1987 Fire Statistics Chart A provides a brief summary of the total fire incidents that occurred in California in 1987. Chart B provides a detailed look at build- ing fires in 1987. The figures after Chart B provide a summary of the 1987 building fires and fire fatalities. Chart A Total Fire incidents -1987 Type of Fire Number Percentage Vehicle Fires 46,059 28% Building Fines 42,480 26% Grass, Trees, Brush 32,500 20% Refuse 30,631 19% Other 10,533 7% Total California Fires 162,703 Please see the reverse side Certain mytl,- _.ave developed as argu- ments against fire sprinklers. The facts which refute these myths are: NVM. Fin sprinkler systems cause excessive construction cost increases. Facts: ■ Residential sprinklers are one percent of con- struction costs. ■ Commercial/ industrial sprinklers cost $1.00 to $2.50 per square foot. ■ Design flexibility allowed in the building code can partially or totally offset sprinkler in- stallation costs. ■ Insurance cost savings can quickly amortize sprinklers. ■ Sprinklers make modifications of residential tract design possible and can provide construc- tion cost savings. Mjrtb: Sprinkler heads are ugly and detract from the aesthetics of a home or place of business. Facts: Through new technology, the size and appearance of sprinkler heads have dramati- cally improved. ■ Smaller sprinkler heads have modified profiles. a Sprinkler heads can be flush -mounted in ceilings. ■ Sprinkler heads are available in colors to match decor. ■ Side-wall heads can replace ceiling heads. ■ Temperature sensitive fixtures can conceal heads. Mplh: iNhen a fire occurs, every sprinkler head goes off. Facts: • Sprinkler heads are individually activated by fire. ■ Residential fires are usually controlled with one head. ■ In commercial or industrial fires, approxi- mately 60 percent of fires are controlled with one head operating and 90 percent of all fires are controlled with six or fewer heads. *M. Sp. .ler systems cause excessive water damage. Facts: Fires in buildings installed with sprin- klers produce losses significantly less than fires in unsprinklered buildings. ■ The water delivered by a sprinkler head is 18 to 40 gallons per minute while the water delivered by a fire department hose line is 175- 400 gallons per minute. ■ Fire losses in residential occupancies are 85 percent less when sprinklers are installed. ■ Insurance company records show a 1,000 percent decrease in fire losses paid in commer- cial/industrial occupancies over the past 90 years. Sprinklers are credited for the decrease. Nyffi. Sprinkler heads frequently become ac- cidently activated. Facts: The accidental operation of a sprinkler head is rare. The Factory Mutual Insurance Company reports the accidental rate is 1 in 16 million sprinkler heads in service per year. Mab. Insurance rates increase if sprinklers are installed. Facts: Insurance rates are reduced with sprin- klers. ■ In high -hazard occupancies, insurance savings can pay for the sprinkler system in the first year. ■ Residential (homeowner policies) insurance reductions are widely available ranging from 5 percent to 20 percent of the premium cost. ■ Commercial/ industrial rate reductions of 75 percent are common. These savings amortize sprinkler systems within three to five years. *0. Sprinklers are designed to protect prop- erty, but are not effective for life safety. FnW Sprinklers provide a high level of life safy. ■ Temperature and toxic by-products are con- trolled by sprinklers at levels which do not threaten occupants of industrial, commercial or residential occupancies. ■ Fire statistics in the U.S., Australia and New Zealand dramatically demonstrate the life safety effectiveness of sprinklers. Deciding that .nmunity should make fire sprinkler protection a priority is the first step to bringing about dramatic improvements in life and property safety. The second step is to build a city/ community team to help make it a reality. -Without proper understanding by everyone affected by this type of ordinance — particularly developers and homebuyers — the effort could die a premature death. 1. Target the Audience - Determine who will need to be a part of the community -wide effort to enact a sprinkler ordinance. This could include developers, real estate agents, business owners, Chamber of Commerce representatives, citizen organizations, representatives like the League of Women Voters, and members of neighborhood associations. Consider including appointments to key city boards or commissions such as the planning commission and don't forget to consider inviting the editor or publisher of the community newspaper. Be sure to include key city staff such as the fire chief, planning director and building staff. The main task is to be sure all viewpoints are represented. 2. Form a Task Force - Getting key individuals and organizations to be a part of the decision-making process will help them support the proposal when it's time for the city council to vote on the issue. The actual ordi- nance will need to be a negotiated agreement that takes into account the needs of everyone affected. The mayor and council should con- sider appointing this task force. The city manager and fire chief can be helpful in recom- mending participants. This sends a message that the issue is a priority in the community and has the attention of the policy -makers. 3. Agree on the Purpose - It's important to ensure the task force jointly develops the group's purpose. Obviously, the city's goal is to bring about a fire sprinkler ordinance. However, it may be most appropriate to let the group determine the proper road to get there. 4. Communicating the Menage - In addition to reaching consensus on the importance of fire sprinklers, the task force will need to communicate this fact, as well. It may be that, in L to gain citizen and business support for the plan, informational brochures or letters should be mailed to all households and business addresses explaining the proposal. Another way to reach citizens is via the news media. News releases and press conferences should be considered to explain the need for fire safety and the role sprinklers play in saving lives and property. Special community forums or town hall meetings, cable television programs, service club presentations, brochures, flyers, and special events are all ways to send the message that sprinklers are needed in the community. 5. Drafting the Ordinance - A model Fire Sprinkler Ordinance is included in this packet. It will guide a city's efforts in meeting the needs of all the industries and individuals affected by this type of ordinance. The task force should use this as a starting point. Members should feel they are developing "thein" document that will meet local needs. 6. Extensive Review - This community -wide task force should offer the ordinance for review and input by the entire community. This helps generate feedback before the formal vote is taken. Every effort should be taken to incorporate or address the comments received. 7. Adoption - The city council vote on the fire sprinkler ordinance will hopefully be just a formality. The groundwork to gain citizen and business support will have taken place and the concerns and comments dealt with in the final proposal. The task force members should be present and a representa- tive should publicly comment on the decision-making process. If there is opposi- tion, it might be helpful to have the task force participate in the response. Taking the issue away from the perspective of the city versus the community is the goal. Hopefully, the task force will accomplish this. A survey. e Southern California Fire Sprinkler Advisory Board identified 156 cities, districts and counties which have sprinkler or- dinances for new construction that are more restrictive than the Uniform Building Code or Fire Code requirements. The following is a listing, by county, of these agencies. ALAMEDA COUNTY: Alameda, Emeryville, Hayward, Livermore, Pleasanton, San Lean- dro, Union City, Eden Consolidated FPD, Alameda County BUTTE COUNTY: Paradise CALAVERAS COUNTY: Ebbetts Pass FPD CONTRA COSTA COUNTY: Contra Costa Consolidated FPD, Moraga FPD EL DORADO COUNTY: Cameron Park FPD El Dorado Hills FPD, , Lake Valley FPD FRESNO COUNTY: Clovis, Coalinga, Fresno KERN COUNTY: Bakersfield KINGS COUNTY: Hanford, Lemoore LAKE COUNTY: Kelseyville FPD LOS ANGELES COUNTY: Avalon, Beverly Hills, Burbank, Culver City, Downey, El Monte, Glendale, Inglewood, Long Beach, Lynwood, Manhattan Beach, Montebello, Monterey Park, Redondo Beach, Santa Fe Springs, Sierra Madre, Torrance, Los Angeles County MARIN COUNTY: Corte Madera, Larkspur, Alto Richardson Bay FPD, Kentfield FPD, Tiburon FPD MENDOCINO COUNTY: Fort Bragg, Ukiah, MONO COUNTY: Mammoth Lakes FPD, MONTEREY COUNTY: Carmel, Monterey, Salinas, Mid Carmel Valley FPD, North County FPD, Pajaro CSD, Salinas Rural FPD NAPA COUNTY: Napa NEVADA COUNTY: Gold Flat FPD, Ophir Hill FPD, Truckee FPD ORANGE COUNTY: Anaheim, Brea, Buena Park, Fountain Valley, Huntington Beach, Newport Beach, San Clemente, Santa Ana, Westminster, Orange County PLACER COUNTY: North Tahoe FPD, Placer Foothills Consolidated FPD, Tahoe City FPD, RIVERSIDE COUNTY: Cathedral City, Desert Hot Springs, Indio, Moreno Valley, San Jacinto, Murrieta FPD, Riverside County SACRAMENTO COUNTY: Folsom, Citrus Heigi D, Elk Grove CSD, Fair Oaks FPD, SAN BnxNARDINO COUNTY: Apple Valley, Colton, Hesperia, Montclair, San Bernardino, Upland, Big Bear FPD, Foothill FPD, Forest Falls FPD, San Bernardino County, SAN DIEGO COUNTY: El Cajon, Escondido, Lemon Grove, National City, Oceanside, Alpine FPD, Crest FPD, North County FPD, Ramona FPD, San Marcos FPD, SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY: Tracy, San Joaquin Consolidated Fire District, SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY: Morro Bay, Pismo Beach, San Luis Obispo, Cambria FPD, San Luis Obispo County SAN MATEO COUNTY: Burlingame, Daly City, Foster City, Millbrae, Pacifica, Redwood City, South San Francisco, Menlo Park FPD, SANTA BARBARA COUNTY: Carpinteria- Summerland FPD, Montecito FPD, Santa Maria MID, Solvang MID SANTA CRUZ COUNTY: Santa Cruz, Wat- sonville, Central FPD, Scotts Valley FPD, SOLANO COUNTY: Vacaville, Vacaville FPD, SONOMA COUNTY: Healdsburg, Petaluma, Rohnert Park, Sebastopol, Guerneville FPD, Kenwood FPD, Rincon Valley FPD, Valley of the Moon FPD STANISLAUS COUNTY: Ceres, Oakdale, Modesto TUOLUMNE COUNTY: Sonora, Tuolumne County VENTURA COUNTY: Oxnard, Santa Paula, Ventura, Ventura County, YOLO COUNTY: Davis, Winters, Woodland. Note: There are at least 30 other agencies not reported in these survey findings with sprin- kler ordinances that are more restrictive than the Uniform or Building Code requirements. ORDINANCE AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF AMENDING THE MUNICIPAL CODE TO REQUIRE THE INSTALLATION OF AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLERS IN ALL NEW CONSTRUCTION THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF SECTION 1: The Municipal Code is amended as follows: DOES ORDAIN AS FOLLOWS: Article 10, Section 10.306 of the 1988 Uniform Fire Code, Automatic Fire -extinguishing Systems. Sec. 10.306(b) Amend to read: All Occupancies. An automatic sprinkler system shall be installed and maintained in all new con- struction regardless of floor area or occupancy type. Residential or quick- response standard sprinklers shall be used in dwelling units and guest room portions of all buildings. All systems shall conform to the appropriate National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 13,13D, or 13R Sec. 10.306(c,d,e,fg,h) Delete SECTION 2: If any provision of this Ordinance is for any reason held to be invalid by a court of competent jurisdiction, the Building Department hereby declares that it would have passed each and every remaining provision irrespective of such holding in order to accomplish the intent of this ordinance. SECTION 3: This Ordinance shall be in full force and effect thirty (30) days after its passage, and within fifteen (15) days after its passage, it shall be published once, together with the names of the Council Members voting thereon, in a newspaper of general circulation within the City. On the motion of Council Member Seconded by, and on the following roll call vote, to Wit. AYES: NOES: ABSENT: The foregoing Ordinance was passed and adopted this day of 19_. ATTEST: e -i* :r MAYOR 1, City Clerk of the City of , County Of 'State of California, do hereby certify that the foregoing Ordinance No..__ is a true, full and correct copy of said Ordinance passed and adopted at a regular meeting of said Council on the day of 19 WITNESS my hand and the Seal of the City of 19 � affixed this day of Please see the reverse side EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................. ..... The flro Problem in California Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systema aro The California State Fire Marshal reports that in the period from 1976 to 1987 there were nearly 2.3 million fire incidents. Direct losses ■ $6 billion in property/ building contents loss ■ More than 4,000 fire fatalities ■ Nearly 48,000 fire injuries California Fire Facts ■ 75 percent of building fires occur in one- and two- family dwellings and apartments. ■ More than 80 percent of the fire fatalities occur in residences. The young, the elderly and those with limited mobility comprise a dis- proportionate number of fatalities. ■ Among small businesses which experience a serious fire, 80 to 90 percent end in bank- ruptcy. Billions of dollars are spent by cities to operate modern fire departments. Still, fire losses in the United States continue to be the worst in the industrialized world. How can fire losses be reduced while controlling the costs of fire protection service? The Fire Problem can be Controlled with Fire Sprinklers Fire losses and fire fighting costs can be con- trolled by building automatic sprinkler systems into all buildings. Automatic sprinkler systema are the single most important element of built in fire protection. ■ Every structure which is built without a sprinkler system places a demand upon the city for "traditional" fire protection resources. ■ Every structure without a sprinkler system is at risk of total loss due to fire regardless of the size and resources of the fire department. Effective ■ A 50 -year record of sprinkler performance in the United States shows that of 81,425 fires in buildings with sprinklers, %.2 percent were controlled or extinguished with minimal damage. ■ Experience over an 82 year period in Austra- lia/New Zealand with sprinklers documents an astonishing 99.8 percent effective rate. ■ Few fire deaths occur in buildings equipped with sprinklers. ■ Property losses are 85 percent less in resi- dences with fire sprinklers compared to those without sprinklers. ■ Sprinklers reduce toxic by-products of fire. Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems are not Expensive • In a new 2,000 square foot residence, the cost of a sprinkler system is approximately $1,500 to $2,000, or about 1 percent of the total cost of construction. Retrofitting existing residences costs about 50 percent more. ■ In new commercial/industrial buildings, the cost is $1.00 to $2.50 per square foot. ■ Commercial/industrial insurance reductions can amortize the cost of a system in three to five years. Residential insurance premium re- ductions range from 5 percent to 20 percent. • Construction flexibility resulting from sprin- klers can offset sprinkler system costs during construction. Automatic Sprinklers are Reliable ■ Insurance company records show accidental activation occurs in just one out of 16 million sprinkler heads. Please work to adopt a sprinkler ordinance in your community. Sprinklers will save lives, property and control your costs. For further infwmotion, plow consult your fire chief. All California city fire chiefs hm barn pro'vuW with documentation to support the statements in this packet. INSTITUTE FOR LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER HANDBOOK FOR CALIFORNIA CITIES TABLE OF CONTEN'T'S Part I Position Paper Part II Attachments Attachment A Sample Staff Report for Adopting a Sprinkler Ordinance Attachment B Sample Fire Code With Amendments for Automatic Sprinkler Requirements Attachment C List of Resource Organizations to Contact Attachment D Fire Service Resource Directory PART BODY OF POSITION PAPER document has been prepared to accomplish the intent of a resolution submitted by This eau a Public SafetyPolicy Committee and adopted by the League at its Annual the League automatic Conference. The resolution authorized a study of the benefits of installing b automatic ti sprinkler systems in all structures. This position paper, discusses the fire pro in California and the role of automatic fire sprinklers in decreasing the loss of life and property. The Institute for Local Self Government, with funds provided by the shape the Foundation, published many public safeiy reports in the 1970's that helped p future of public safety in California, has panted and published this repo The enclosed Executive Summary and Information Cards have been provided to all mayors, council members and city managers in California. Additionally, all Seers fs have received a detailed Handbook about the installation of Automatic F Sprinklers kle and a copy of the Executive Summary and Information Cards enclosed in this contactpacket. heir fire Mayors, council members, and city managers have been encouraged chief for further information about this document and the fire problem and how automatic fire sprinkler systems can help every city. The information contained in this handbook provides a guide for city officials interested in evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of automatic fire sprinkler sys t ms to e control fire losses and fire protection costs. The purpose of this project s sip o information that will help cities reduce the loss of lift and property due to ctural fires. This Handbook resulted from the work of the League of California Cities Fire Chiefs Department Sprinkler Subcommittee. Members of the Subcommittee are: Bill Daley, Chair, Fire Chief, Beverly HU Fire Chiefs Napa Vern Hamilton, President, Fire Chiefs min nt S rtZnen terns, Project Consultant Bob Buns, President, Fire Loss Manage Systems, Ron Coleman, Fire Chief Fullerton Randy Lavelock, Fire Chief, Yuba City Bob McNabb, Fire Chief Corona Jobs Montenem, Fire Chief Glendale Dick Moon, Fire Chief San Bernardino Erwin Willis, Fire Marshal, San Luis Obispo 2 California continues to experience excessive fire death, injuries, and property losses, even though losses are lower than the national average. These losses are in spite of the fact that California has higher costs for fire protection systems, fire departments, fire insurance, and building code requirements in comparison to other industrialized countries. These losses are primarily the result of the following. • Inadequate fire protecti6n planning in the design of structures. • Unrealistic expectations of the ability of fire departments to prevent injuries and loss of life and limit property losses after a fire has started. • An assumption that implementing the standards contained in the building code will ensure few fires. • A lack of understanding and use of automatic sprinklers. • A lack of awareness by the public of the fire problems and the indirect impacts as well as the direct impacts of fire upon the individual and the community. • Minimal social, economic and legal pressures and the educational emphasis to prevent accidental fires. These pressures and educational emphasis are present in other industrial nations. nations. Sprinklers Make A Bfferw= Some communities have experienced dramatic results with the implementation of automatic sprinkler systems. Fresno and Disney World are two examples. For the most part, however, over the past 100 years, sprinkler systems have been adopted almost exclusively by large commercial and industrial occupancies, not by small businesses, residences or municipalities as a whole. Where sprinkler systems have been properly installed and maintained, multiple life losses due to fire have been eliminated. Property losses are minuscule compared with similar unsprinklered structures. Disastrous conflagrations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries spurred the insurance industry to promote improved building codes, water systems, larger fire departments, fire detection and automatic fire sprinkler systems. The result was a successful insurance grading schedule. With rare exceptions, conflagrations in the commercial and industrial sections of cities have been eliminated. The insurance industry credits sprinkler systems as the major factor in the decrease of fires in commercial and industrial structures. 3 Save Morstv SppvWm • and industrial properties which install automatic sprinkler systems Commercial other benefits include experience 'cant economic be from reduced insurance. '� ' n costs and increased architectural fleaa'bility. Tenant space may also reduced constructio become more desirable and produce higher revenues. • • have implemented sprinkler system programs on a Mmmunity wide Communities winch ba p and the cost to basis have demonstrated that significant reductions in• fire losses is articularly citygovernment of delivering fire protection services is controlled. lace d upon S Structures built without sprinkler systemsp true in new communities. • r traditional fire protection resources P �. In fact, every structure built without a any city fo sprinkler tem faces total loss due to fire regardless of the size and resources o department. • and life losses continue to occur and the losses are concentrated in Significant property residential occupancies. Some progress has been made in residential occupancies of voluntary and mandatory installation of smoke detectors. a ire � through programs fatalities have decreased over the past fifteen years but now are rising losses c a to improper maintenance of residential smoke detectors. Life and property reduced with substantial long-range savings through the nye of t be significantly automatic sprinkler systems. 4 Does the magnitude of fire losses in California warrant concern and effort by California cities? Should a city council be troubled about fire protection? With few exceptions, major urban areas have not been destroyed by fire and a substantial portion of the budget is already allocated to the fire department. California cities in general adopt the latest building and fire code standards which are intended to provide fire safety. California fire departments are staffed at levels comparable to those in cities and other states. The California fire protection system is consistent with "standard good practice." California cities consistently maintain highly trained and well equipped fire departments. The "standard good practice" in this country is to apply 85 to 90 percent of fire department resources to the suppression of fires. The following information identifies why city officials should be concerned. 1976-1987 Fire Loss The California Fire Incident Reporting System, maintained by the California State Fire Marshal, indicates that between 1976 and 1987 the fire experience in California included the following: 0 2,228,264 fire incidents o $6 billion property and contents loss 0 4,008 fire fatalities (citizens and fire fighters) 0 47,957 fire injuries (citizens and fire fighters) 1987 Fire Loss In 1987, 162,203 fires were reported by the California State Fire Marshal. The following provides a brief summary of the fire incidence in 1987. Jae of Fire Vehicle Number 469059 Building 42,480 Grass, Trees, Brush 32,500 Refuse 30,631 Other 10,533 Total 162,203 5 Ste„ W.Five Percent Q In 1987 seventy five percent of the building fires occurred in residential structures. The remaining twenty-five percent occurred in commercial and industrial structures. Fifty percent of the residential structure fires occurred in one -and two- family dwellings twenty-two percent occurred in apartments, and 3 percent occurred in hotels, motels, and dormitories. ,�es Ninety-five percent of the 1987 fatalities occurred in residences and the remaining 5 percent occurred in commercial or industrial structures. Sixty-six percent of the fatalities occurred in one- and two-family dwellings, twenty-six percent occurred in apartments, and 3 percent occurred in hotels, motels,and dormitories. Proms Loss Sixty percent or almost $320 million of fire damage occurredin residences and forty percent or $210 million of fire damage occurred in commercial or industrial structures. Of the 1987 residential fire loss almost $230 million occurred in one- and two- family i residences; $77 million occurred in apartments; and $12 million occurred n hotels, motels, and dormitories. The fire loss figures previously discussed do not include indirect costs associated with fire loss. Indirect costs include: medical treatments; business failures; business loss; costs for housing and relocation; loss of art work, personal mementos and heirlooms. In most cases, indirect costs increase losses by a factor of two to five. Burn Vico' Over the past 14 years, 36,608 persons have sustained burn injuries due to fires. These injuries represent hidden costs. Disfigured victims of fire are rarely seen in public t, thousands of victims exist in burn centers, rehabilitation centers or behind the closed doors of their homes. Burn injuries require extensive periods of treatment and are one of the most costly injuries to treat. The average initial hospitalization period for burn victims requires 4 to 8 weeks for 40 percent of the patients; 6 to 12 weeks for 20 percent of the patients; 8 to 16 weeks for 40 percent of the patients for initial treatment. The range of average charges for initial hospitalization is $16,541 to $132,953. These time periods and charges are for initial hospitalizations and treatments and do not include subsequent surgeries, hospitalization or rehabilitation. Burn injuries are compounded by the emotional stress experienced by victims and their families, a burden which frequently leads to severe emotional trauma and family of rn disintegration. At least 50 percent of these bus are preventable. The tragedy these injuries is indicated by the fact that although children comprise only 17 percent of 6 the population, they account for 44 percent of serious burn injuries. Bum -related deaths are the leading cause of accidental death for children. The United States Small Business Administration has estimated that 80 to 90 percent of small businesses which experience serious fires do not recover economically and end in bankruptcy. Fire Fighter Early Retirement Costs This report does not include the costs for fire fighters' early retirements due to injuries incurred while fighting fires. Although this report does not measure the cost of early retirement this cost is a substantial burden on public resources. INACCURATE ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BUILDING/SAFETY CODES Modern building codes are presumed to provide fire safety as a result of building design and construction. Many assumptions concerning building design have been proven faulty. Common erroneous assumptions include: o Building design can prevent fire and smoke from penetrating floors above a fire in multiple story buildings. o Safe, panic free exiting from a building will automatically occur. o Building design provides adequate exiting for the handicapped, elderly and young children in all structures including multiple story buildings. o Fire protection features once installed will continue to be effective. o Buildings built with non-combustible materials are protected from fire. Fire losses, injuries and fatalities continue to occur due directly to inadequacies of building features and the failure of their occupants to perform as expected. Fire and smoke frequently penetrate fire assemblies and spread to other building areas resulting in fatalities and property damage. These conditions existed in the fires at the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas (1980), the Dorothy May Hotel in Los Angeles (1982), the Cathedral Hill Hotel in San Francisco (1984), and the First Interstate Bank Building in Los Angeles (1988). Past experience indicates a failure to provide adequately for 1) human behavior and 2) contemporary building features. 7 Human Behavior • Occupants frequently disregard emergency instructions and ignore alarms, or shut them off failing to reactivate them. • Young people, elderly and the physically impaired are frequently unable to exit, especially in multi -story buildings where elevators are used for normal exiting. Building Features • Fire protection features of buildings are often modified, disabled or removed by occupants or become inoperative due to lack of adequate maintenance. A 1987 study conducted by CIGNA Insurance Loss Control Services indicated that 41 percent of the fire doors in structures were defective: • In a fire, an elevator may send its passengers directly to the fire floor rather than to a safe exit. • Smoke removal systems which are required by the building code have questionable value. • The fire fighting resources necessary to control a structure fire are determined by the size, construction and contents of the building. There is no correlation between these factors andg fire control requirements of fire departments when standard building codes are developed. • Since 1970, the amount of combustible furnishings in structures has doubled. These new materials have increased combustion rates and toxic gas emissions 5 to 15 times over the combustion and toxic gas emission rate of wood. Tests such as Operation San Francisco have demonstrated that when sprinklers systems areare installed in buildings, fires are controlled with minimal risk to occupants property even though many or all of the conditions listed above may be present. 'The control of toxic gas emissions is especially significant. Fire departments are expected to respond to fires in sufficient time, with the resources needed to prevent losses and rescue or protect occupants. However, the allowable fire areas established in the building code produce fire fighting work loads which often exceed available resources. Structural fires typically develop at a rate producing unsurvivable atmospheres in the room of fire origin within seven to eight minutes. This critical stage of a fire is referred to as "flashover." In most cases, fire suppression forces will not arrive prior to flashover. Only a few departments L limited conditions are able to cont .res prior to flashover. The effective rescue of persons trapped in fires is rare. lvrost fatalities occur prior to the arrival of the fire department. However, in structures equipped with sprinkler systems, control of a fire can begin within minutes of ignition (see Table 1) and substantially restrain the fire growth until the fire department arrives. Table 1 - Fire Growth vs. Reflex Time Flamm rNe WCWM r `WowthwM MIC IC SpOdder _1"D __ 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 WnAn Tone varix i oetectionI� I twr+e I ��ppkakm a a I of s" I aWM I to utMa %Mid b W" Ift up' I Time .ndirscty I TWM di a* "MI"W* i rr+anap��bN i . • I L J PAllwt *W 9 JrkC � 'Mr;IIU : 1 GK M6 1 " _V*IM ice 5 -Wel : -:417111 � The most persuasive benefit of automatic sprinklers is a 100 -year history of successful performance. Numerous studies indicate that fires in buildings installed with sprinklers have been successfully controlled or extinguished. o National Fire Protection Association data from 1925 to 1969 indicates a 96.2 percent effectiveness (81,425 fires). s o Fires controlled by automatic sprinklers in New York high-rise buildings provided a 98.4 percent effectiveness from 1%9 to 1978 (1,648 fires). o Automatic sprinklers in New York low-rise buildings from 1969 to 1978 provided a 95.8 percent effectiveness (4,061 fires). 9 • Fires controlled by automatic sprinklers in une U.S. Department of Energy Facilities, from 1952 to 1980, provided a 98.2 percent effectiveness. • From 1964 to 1977 automatic sprinklers in U.S. Navy shore facilities provided a 95.7 percent effectiveness (724 fires). • Of fires where automatic sprinkler systems are activated, 61.5 percent of thesefires are extinguished with only one or two 6 sprinkler heads. Auslr &IN-ew Z0124 - 82 year exnenen -9 A study of the Australian/New Zealand experience over the past 82 years documents an even higher level of success: T • Of the fires in buildings installed with sprinklers, 99.8 percent have been controlled or extinguished by sprinklers. • In 66.6 percent of the occurrences one sprinkler head controlled or extinguished the fire. • In 82 years, 5 fatalities have occurred in buildings installed with sprinklers. All but one of these deaths were caused by explosions. The higher success rate of Australia and New Zealand (99.8 for Australia vs. 96.2 Which is related to a higher level of electronic monitoring of water supply controls U.S.) 8h provide more accurate records of successful activations and assures that water supplies are maintained. The United States and Australia/New Zealand experiences provide documentation that automatic sprinklers prevent fire injuries and fatalities. Multiple fire fatalities do l ot occur in buildings installed with sprinklers. i�isnev World ff of Center. Florida - 15 year "=ence When Disney World and the Epcot Center were developed m the8nud-1970 s, a high level of fire protection was provided as part of the project design. The fire safety design included the following: • Sprinklers were installed in all buildings larger than 1,000 square feet. • Buildings were provided with smoke detectors. • Sprinkler systems were provided with electronic monitoring of water supply control valves. • Systems receive regularly scheduled inspections every two months. 10 • Employee training programs were planned to provide continuing fire prevention training. The daily population of Disney World/Epcot Center is 200,000 including 10,000 employees and 48,000 hotel guests. In addition to hotel units, there are approximately 13,000 dwelling units in which sprinklers have been installed. The fire statistics for the entire Disney World/Epcot Center complex for the past 15 years are impressive. • There have been no fire injuries or fatalities. 0 The average annual fire loss is less than $5,000. • All fires have been controlled with no more than two sprinkler heads. • There have been no sprinkler system failures. The Disney World Fire Department is staffed with 50 percent fewer personnel than nine California cities that have an average population of 262,000. Thirty-three percent of the on -duty, staff is assigned to fire prevention or fire protection system inspection and testing 9 as compared to 5 percent in California. Fresno. Ca ffmia - 15 =ear exnerienc 010 In 1964, the City of Fresno adopted comprehensive automatic sprinkler requirements. In conjunction with a redevelopment project in the principal business district, and two other major development projects, more than 5.7 million square feet of buildings were equipped with sprinklers. Ninety-three percent of the principal business district (3.7 million square feet) has been provided with fire sprinklers. In 1984, an in-depth study was conducted to determine the impact of this sprinkler program. • Fire losses had dropped by 93.8 percent: Years Total Fire Loss Loss\Per Year dumber of Fires 1954-1969 $193511,209 $909080 62 1970-1984 $ 821,573 $ 5,504 67 • The three fire stations which served the principal business district in 1964 have been reduced to one with an annual estimated savings of $19897,000 (1984 dollars)." 11 e The insurance rating of the City of Fresno-_ ,s improved from a Class 3 to a Class 2, Insurance Services Office rating, primarily due to the extensive installation of sprinklers. 12 Other communities in California have adopted community -wide sprinkler ordinances and are experiencing similar results, including: San Clemente, Salinas and Mountain View. In the early 1970s, programs were initiated to encourage or require the installation of residential smoke detectors. In 1984, the State of California began mandating the installation of smoke detectors in single and multi -family residences. Today an estimated 75 percent of residences have smoke detectors. According to statistics compiled by the United States Fire Administration, over the past fifteen years annual fire deaths nationally have decreased from 12,000 to 6,000 per year, primarily due to the installation of smoke detectors. The loss of life from fires in California has been reduced by 13 percent over the past 14 years. The California State Fire Marshal also reports that residential structure fires reported to fire departments have decreased. However, it is generally conceded that further reductions through smoke detector programs are not probable. There is growing concern over the failure of homeowners to maintain smoke detectors. Recent studies indicate that 40 to 50 percent of all smoke detectors are not working edl e to lack of maintenance. An increasing number of fatalities in dwellings with improperly maintained smoke detectors are being reported.. Fire fatalities whichhave been decreasing over the past fifteen years are now rising partially due to improper maintenance of residential smoke detectors. Fire Sprinklers: A Real Solution New technology has provided effective, aesthetically pleasing and cost-effective Angeles residential sprinkler systems. Tests in Fort Lauderdale, San Francisco andLos State validated the successful performance of these new systems. The Californiafo atetandard in Fire Marshal evaluated fire sprinkler systems and published a recommended s 1986.13 Operation San Francisco, resulted in a series of sixteen residential sprinkler tests in 1983. The tests provided conclusive and well-documented evidence that sprinkler systems are effective in reducing risks to life and property in residential and commercial structures.14 Operation Life Safety, an organization sponsored by the International Association of Fire Chiefs formed to implement the results of Operation San Francisco, is collecting and documenting fire incident data related to the successes reported in residential 12 sprinkler operations. The- sowing data base is validating previous- studies and analysis. For example, Cobb County, Georgia has recorded 18 residential fires which were successfully controlled by sprinklers. With one exception, all fires were controlled with one sprinkler head. It has been estimated that 17 lives would have been lost without sprinklers.ls A comparative study of fire losses in sprinklered and unsprinklered dwellings was conducted by the City of Scottsdale, Arizona in conjunction with the United States Fire Administration in April, 1982. Property savings of 85 percent were recorded in structures with automatic sprinklers.16 Since the early 1970's an increasing number of communities are adopting residential sprinkler ordinances. San Clemente and Cobb County were early leaders in residential sprinkler programs. THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS The United States Fire Administration has estimated that the cost of installing a sprinkler system in a new 2,000 square foot residence is $1,500 to $2,000. This represents about 1 percent of the cost of construction, far less than the cost of a fully automatic burglar alarm system. Retrofitting would cost about 50 percent more. There are many economic benefits that can offset the costs to property owners for the installation or retrofitting of automatic sprinkler systems. These economic benefits fall into five general categories. Construction flexibility and allowable code deviations. The availability of insurance rote reductions for commercial and residential structures. Limiting fire department cosh Maintaining a stable economy through the protection of key industries. Reassessment exemptions for sprinkler installations. vent 4.11 The Uniform Build Code has established fire resistance standards for structures with the assumption that a major fire will occur. Buildings are constructed with varying levels of fire resistive material to provide for exiting, to confine fire to predetermined areas, and to prevent structural failure. The Uniform Building Code provides design and construction options for sprinklered buildings which are not available to non-sprinklered structures. Also Uniform Fire Code requirements may be modified when sprinklers are installed. For example, standard code provisions which can be modified to provide increased design flexibility are: 13 Maki nnum floor area by type of constructiv._ Travel distances to exits Interior flame spread requirements Fire resistance of fire assemblies and structural members Placement of windows Fire resistance of tenant separation walls Location and quantity of fire walls Standpipe and fire hose requirements Fire apparatus access roads One-hour corridors Building height limitations Design flexibility provided by some communities to sprinklered developments include the following. Private street widths Street grade requirements Cul-de-sac lengths and turnarounds Water main sizing (fire flow requirements) Water storage requirements Fire Hydrant spacing Set -back distances Additionally, many code requirements contain consideration for open space and multi - building fire protection hazards, as well as those for a single building. Many cities are encouraging developers to install sprinkler systems by allowingavailable building fire code alternative and modifying selected development requirements. In the case of single family dwelling tracts, the reduction of requirements for water main sizes, fire hydrant spacing, cul-de-sac length, cul-de-sac radii, and general development density can partially or completely offset the cost of installing sprinklers on the dwellings. Decision makers are cautioned to proceed carefully ininterpreting and following the guidelines provided in the Uniform Codes used in California. When alloester win alternative, great care should be taken in order to ensue that if the system is lost, fire protection is not receded to such a degree that the risk of life or significant property loss will increase beyond an acceptable level. Table 2 provides examples of allowable construction alternatives provided in the California Uniform Building and Fire Code and development alternatives frequently permitted by various cities. The Uniform Fire Code allows greater discretion to the fire chief to allow development and construction alternatives than the Uniform Building Code. 14 TABLE 2 - AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEMS SUMMARY OF SAMPLE CONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS Fire flow requirements must be provided. (UFC 10.301, Appendix III -A). Distance to an approved water supply must be no more than 150 feet from building exterior. (UFC Sec. 10.301) Fire apparatus access roads are required within 150 feet of the building exterior. (UFC Sec. 10.207) Street grade in excess of 12% is not permitted. (UFC Sec. 10.207) Fire access roads exceeding 150 feet require provisions for turning around fire apparatus. (UFC Sec. 10.207} Manual and automatic fire alarm system is required in specified R-1 occupancies. (UFC Sec. 14.104) Allowable construction area is limited to Table No. 5-C. (UBC Sec. 506) Maximum height of buildings limited to Table No. 5-D. (UBC Sec. 507) Stand pipes must be located in fire resistive enclosures (UBC Sec. 3805) One hour fire -resistive construction required. (UBC Sec. 508) 15 US reduction for one and two family dwellings, but not less than 500 GPM flow. A Ja reduction in required fire flow for all other structures, but not less than 1500 GPM. The allowable distance may be increased 100% to a total of 3M feet. Distance may be increased to 20 feet. Gradient of up to jj% is permitted. Requirement is extended to beyondQ fta and turn around provisions are modified. Fire alarm system need not be provided local alarm -must notify all occupants. Area increases (2x and 3x) are permitted under specific conditions. Allowable heights may be increased by one story. Fire resistive enclosure not required. Fire -resistive substitution is permitted for specified construction provided the UBC did not require such system throughout the building. Maximum exit tra. __ distance 150 feet Increase Aimum exit distance to 200 (UBC Sec. 3303 (d) feet. Maximum flame -spread classes of Flame -spread rating may be reduced by interior finish materials are established one class. (UBC Sec. 4204)Based on 1988 L&jjt= figj&ft and . re Codes Table 3 provides an example of construction alternatives when buildings are protected by a complete automatic fire sprinkler system in Salinas. TABLE 3 OPTIONS FOR STRUCTURES WITH AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLERS Provision Without Fire , With Fire FIRE FLOW -single family 3 + per acre, including mobile home parks 1,000 GPM N/A FIRE FLOW -Duplexes and one-story neighborhood 1,500 GPM 1,250 GPM commercial FIRE FLOW -Multi -family, 1 & 2 story;light industry o 2,000 GPM 1,750 GPM r light commercial FIRE FLOW -Multi -family, 3+ story; heavy commerical or heavy industrial 29500 GPM 21000 GPM FIRE HYDRANT SPACING -single family 500 feet 1 600 feet FIRE HYDRANTS SPACING -commerical, industrial, multi -family 300 feet 500 feet PRIVATE DRIVEWAYS -Maximum Depth 150 feet 200 feet ACCESS -maximum distance to entrance of building 100 feet 150 feet A 1978 study conducted by Lothrop Associates, architect for the Council of American Building Officials, under a grant from the U.S. Fire Administration, indicated that sprinklers have the potential to provide substantial construction cost savings. Cost savings after installation of a sprinkler system for these structures surveyed were: $200,000 for a high-rise office building; $15,000 for a mid -rise apartment building; and minimal savings for a low-rise mercantile/office building (no options used). 16 The following provides data on numerous independent studies of sin tnkler construction cost savings. Occupancy Construction DU YeaCCost 5Lvings High-rise 1969 23% High-rise 1974 $949000 1S High-rise 1975 $2289000 9 Hospital remodel 1978 $95,000 20 Laboratory 1979 $486,000 1 Medical Center 1980 5780,000 22 The effectiveness of automatic sprinklers in reducing fire losses has been recognized by the insurance industry for nearly a hundred years. The Factory Mutual Insurance Company credits sprinklers with lowering the annual property losses from 30 cents per $100 of insured value (1890s) to less than 3 cents per $100 of insured value (1980s). Insurance rate reductions are available to all structures in which sprinkler systems are installed. Certain high risk structures receive significant rate reductions which can amortize the cost of installation in a short period. Lower risk structures amortize costs over a longer period of time. Case studies of fire insurance savings related to sprinklered properties were conducted by the U. S. Fire Administration in conjunction with the insurance and sprinkler industries. The results are shown in Table 4. An additional entry was provided by the City of Sunnyvale, CA. More than twenty insurance companies in California provide homeowners insurance credit for residential sprinkler systems. Insurance credits range from 5 percent to 20 percent. 24 Allstate Insurance Company, one of the three largest companies in the residential insurance market has recently initiated a 10 percent credit for residential sprinklers. An ordinance adopted in Honolul, Hawaii in 1983 required the installation of sprinkler systems in existing hotels exceeding 75 feet in height. The average insurance cost reduction was 51 percent for structures and 13 percent for contents. 17 (Ab to ro b ro a° 0 01 N N N 01 ro s r4 �a >4 � � � �, �, U1 V1 n N N Ln dV co Iq ' N E a a 0oco n O d� "' N tn Ln N N 0% co o ago d' N M • � • � N ` O ` � • !"1 ^� N O � N ''� �p tl1 1p ob 40 00 '.,� N r•1 O AU V o� O o 0o ao � N n 1p tp It f N ar O 00 fq N D t E m n h O O O to O O OO N 00 O O O M O O m 0 00 ll% P1 w O N i!1 co O �' 11 N In a1 O f'1 N r•1 ZT m m 41 4j 044 0 0001 Vm01 a m '� 12m aV n b$ c o$4.� waa 0)V Xtra (a o u a1 b ob 4ani 01 000n� a w3 vau x Sac There is an increasing tree,.. Ln California to establish insurance rb .. 3 through the use of actuarial analysis of fire losses. California has experienced a fire loss of more than $6.5 billion during the past 14 years. If all of the structures lost had been protected by automatic fire sprinklers, a conservative estimate of loss reduction would have been 80 percent or $5.2 billion. Basing insurance rates on actuarial based analysis should result in substantial savings as fire losses are reduced by sprinklers. imitingFiDepartment Costs When compared to unsprinklered structures, buildings with sprinkler systems require fewer fire fighting resources and personnel to perform fire control, smoke removal and water removal. If fires are controlled by a sprinkler system, the response time of personnel and apparatus can be lengthened. The installation of sprinklers in buildings helps to reduce personnel and apparatus requirements and consequently reduces costs. Requiring sprinkler systems in new and growing communities will help to reduce the growth of fire department staffing while providing a high level of fire protection service. Fresno, San Clemente, Palm Springs, Mountain View, Scottsdale, and Disney World show the savings possible. In the case of existing communities with few sprinklered areas, the existing fire fighting forces probably cannot be reduced without a retrofit program similar to that implemented in Fresno. However, additional growth of the fire department can be limited by requiring the installation of sprinklers in new developments. Service demands such as emergency medical services and hazardous materials response, may require the construction and staffing of fire stations, but at levels lower than that required for traditional fire suppression. Fire sprinklers can also help control other city costs. Since many California cities are self-insured, the protection of public properties through automatic sprinkler protection can increase resources available for other city services. rinkler The economic stability of an entire community can be adversely affected by losses due to fire. When a major industry suffers extensive fire losses and discontinues operations or chooses to relocate in another city, an entire community loses jobs and revenue. In smaller communities where the local economy is dependent upon a few industrial or commercial operations, the loss of a key employer can have severe impacts throughout the local economy. The required installation of sprinklers should be part of the gong -range planning of each community. It is a cost effective way to protect a community's future and the livelihood of its residents. 19 Residential and commercial properties which install sprinkler systems after November 7, 1984 are exempt from property tax reassessment related to these improvements. (California State Revenue and Taxation Code Section 74 (a). Excessive fire line charges levied against sprinkler systems significantly reduces the economic benefits of a sprinkler system. Cities should review their fire line fee structures, and eliminate all costs not directly justified for installation and maintenance of fire sprinkler system connections. If water is supplied by private water companies, cities should assure that fire line fees are justified. Fire line (water supply) charges are frequently levied against sprinkler systems on the same basis as industrial/commercial connections and for connections to fire hydrants. Both of which are users of large volumes of water. The justification for these charges is based on the need to provide storage and distribution for large flows of water. Automatic fire sprinkler systems do not require large volumes of water, and in some cases water system requirements can be reduced in areas where all structures are sprinklered. The traditional justification for water supply charges does not apply to fire sprinkler systems. • Fire losses in California cities constitute a significant problem. • Fire deaths, injuries and property losses are concentrated in residential structures. • Traditional methods of delivering fire protection services require large fire fighting forces and have limited effectiveness. Fire losses and fire protection costs can be reduced through the increased use of automatic fire sprinkler systems. • There are significant benefits for developers and building owners who install automatic sprinkler systems. • Ordinances should be adopted which require automatic sprinklers. • Residents and the business community of each city should be informed regarding the benefits of automatic fire sprinklers. • Through a program of public education, cities can encourage voluntary installation of sprinkler systems and establish support for sprinkler ordinances. 20 • Regulatory and administrative barriers to sprinkler installation should be eliminated. • All city facilities, new and existing, should be sprinklered. • Long-range community plans should include the installation of automatic fire sprinklers in all new structures. • Other public agencies such as school districts should be encouraged to install sprinklers in all new and existing structures. • Methods of funding the installation of sprinklers in existing structures should be identified and developed. • Inspection and testing programs should be provided which will assure the reliability of sprinkler systems and alarm systems. 21 ENDNOTES 1. Alisa Ann Ruch, California Burn Foundation, 20944 Sherman Way, Suite 115, Canoga Park,, CA 91303 2. Alia Ann Ruch, California Burn Foundation, 20944 Sherman Way, Suite 115, Canoga Park, CA 91303. 3. CIGNA Loss Control Services, "Fire Door Reliability At Issue, " VOICE October 1988. 4. Operation San Francisco, Smoke and SRrinkler Test -Technical Report. April 1984, Page 8-1, International Association of Fire Chiefs 5. National Fire Sprinkler Association, Fire Sprinkler_ acts. 6. National Fire Sprinkler Association, Fire Sprinkler Facts. 7. H.W. Marryatt, Fire -Automatic Sprinkler Perfo ance in Australia and New Zealand 1886 to 1968, Australian Fire Protection Association. 8. Reedy Creek Improvement District, P.O. Box 1017% Lake Buena Vista, FL 328301, 1986 Correspondence. 9. Reedy Creek Improvement District, P. O. Box 10170, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830, 1986 Correspondence. 10. J.L. Randall, "Effective Local Amendments, City of Fresno, "Building Standards onthly, August 1985, Pg. 17-19. 11. J.L. Randall, "Effective Local Amendments, City of Fresno, "B it i e Standards Monthly, August 1985, Pg. 17-19. 12. Edward Reilly, "Urban Fire Defense Planning A Step Beyond the Code Revolution," S2rink_ler Aae, February 1987, Pg. 6. 13. A 1985 report submitted to the State Assembly by the State Fire Marshal at the request of the State Legislature by House Resolution 1985-869 Number 7 entitled "An Analysis of the Feasibility of Requiring the Installation of Fire Sprinkler Systems in All Buildings Constructed for Human Occupancy." 14. International Association of Fire Chiefs, oneration c", Francisco Smoke /Sprinkler Teats -Technical Report. 15. Operation Life Safety Newsletter. International Association of Fire Chiefs, January 19899 Pg. 4-5. 16. Rural/Metro Fire Sprinkler Tests; Scottsdale, AZ, April 19-21, 1982. 17. Edward J. Reilly, "Can Sprinkler Systems Solve Building Code Problems?"report presented to the Third Annual Fire Protection Seminar, Illinois Institute of Technology, 1989. 18. Richard E. Ritz, "Georgia-Pacific Building, A High -Rise Resistive Office Building With Automatic Sprinklers Installed Throughout," Fire Journal, 63 (September 1%9): 5- 9. 19. "Cost Analysis of Chicago High Rise Amendment," report presented to Chicago Department of Buildings, Chicago, June 1974. 20. Brown and Root, Inc. "High -Rise Cost Analysis With Automatic Sprinkler Trade Offs," 1976. 21."Speedy Construction Schedules are Used by Building Planners to Outrun Inflation, Wall Street Journal, 1 July 1980. 22. "Cost Benefit Analysis of a Multi -Use Building Complex," address given at the Annual Meeting of the National Fire Protection Association, Boston, May 1980. 23. Russell P. Flemming, "What Cost Sprinkler Protection," Sprinkler Quarterly, (Patterson, New Jersey), June 1981. 24. California State Fire Marshal, Residential Sprinkler Subcommittee on Insurance Report, February 20, 1987, Sacramento, CA. PART II ATTACHMENT A SAMPLE STAFF REPORT FOR ADOPTING A SPRINKLER ORDINANCE INTEROFFICE COMMUNIC. )N CITY OF BEVERLY HILLS FIRE DEPARTMENT JUNE 29, 1988 TO: ED KREINS, CITY MANAGER FROM: WILLIAM M. DALEY, FIRE CHIEF SUBJECT: FIRE CODE CHANGE RECOMMENDATIONS This report is forwarded at your request, contains information pertaining to the recommended adoption of the new Uniform Fire Code and the additional fire protection requirements which are recommended to be adopted. Included in the additional fire protection requirements which are recommended are: 1. New Construction - All new commercial and residential build- ings required to be provided with automatic fire sprinkler system protection. 2. Existing buildings - All existinq buildings except apartments and condominiums, havinq a height of five (5) stories or over fifty-five (551) foot shall be required to install automatic fire sprinkler systems by September 1, 1991. The various components and alternatives as to the requirements are listed on the report.which is appropriate to include in the Council packet. WILLIAM M. DALEY FIRE CHIEF WMD : j d cc: Mark Scott, Dir. of Envir.Svcs. John O'Connor, Special'Counsel Ron Clark, City Building Official Ed LaFouge, Fire Marshal wfirecod - 1 - INTEROFFICE COMMUNICATION CITY OF BEVERLY HILLS FIRE DEPARTMENT JUNE 29, 1988 TO: EDWARD S. KREINS, CITY MANAGER FROM: WILLIAM M. DALEY, FIRE CHIEF SUBJECT: RECOMMENDED ADOPTION OF THE UNIFORM FIRE CODE WITH ADDITIONAL FIRE PROTECTION AMENDMENTS The 1985 edition of the Uniform Fire Code with fire protection amendments is forwarded for Council consideration and is recom- mended to be adopted. Included in the recommendations are the adoption of 1.) The 1985 edition of the Uniform Fire Cods; 2.) New buildings - Fire sprinklers - commercial and residential new construction required to be provided with automatic fire sprinklers; 3.) Existing Buildings - Fire sprinklers - existing buildings (except apart- ments and condominiums) five ( 5) stories or more than fifty-five (551) feet in height - required to be provided with automatic fire sprinkler system protection within 3 years; 4.) Existing Buildings - Stairwell ventilation - Existing buildings (except apartments and condominiums of five (5) stories or more than fifty-five (551) feet in height - required within three (3) years to provide roof access/ventilation opening at top of each smoke proof stairway enclosure which extends, but does not open out onto the roof. 1. 1985 Edition of Uniform Fire Code In approximately 1958, the City of Beverly Hills adopted its first Fire Code, a listinq of specific requirements special con- ditions, and prohibitions which were set by the City Council to provide a Fire and Life Safety safeguard to the community. At the time there was no National standard Fire Code and the Beverly Hills Code was adopted as part of the Beverly Hills Municipal Code. Over the years, it has been changed many times to reflect modern fire protection practices and to require a higher level of protection when such improvements become feasible. The adoption of the "Uniform Fire Code" for the first time rep- laces the Beverly Hills Fire Code with a nationally recognized standard, similar to the Uniform Building Code which has been adopted with amendments by Beverly Hills for many years and is used as a standard to regulate building construction. The Uniform Fire Code and Uniform Fire Code Standards are published by the Western Fire Chiefs Association and the Inter- national Conference of Building officials. It has been adopted 2 - by most state an !ties and has long been i , by the Beverly Hills Fire Department as standard of reference to set fire pro- tection requirements when such areas of concern were not ade- quately addressed by the Beverly Hills Code. The areas presently embodied in the Beverly Hills Code, which provides a higher level of protection, such as the prohibition of fireworks, hazardous materials requlation and the requirement for public occupancies to be equipped with fire sprinklers are re- tained as requirements, as amendments to the Uniform Fire Code. Other previously adopted fire protection requirements such as dwelling and hotel smoke detectors, hotel and restaurant auto- matic fire sprinklers, prohibition of iron bars on bedroom win- dows, special regulations of Mountain Fire District, and fire resistant roofing regulation are retained as amendments to the Uniform Building Code. 2. New Buildings - Automatic Fire Sprinkler System A. All new commercial and multi -family residential oc- cupancy buildings are required to be built, equipped with automatic fire sprinkler system protection. The National Fire Protection Association Standard #13 is the Nationally recognized standard for commercial type of sprinkler system installation. The cost for this time of sprinkler system installation is approximately between $2.00 to $ 2.75 per sq. ft. for new construction. This cost is greatly offset by substantially reduced insurance premiums which can be expected to pay for the sprinkler system installation within a few years. B. All new single family residential occupancy Buildings required to be built, equipped with automatic fire sprinkler system protection. The State of California State Fire Marshal recommended "Residential Sprinkler Standard for 1 and 2 family dwellings" is the recog- nized standard for residential type of sprinkler system installations. Low cost, unobtrusive, effective automatic fire sprinkler system materials and installation are now readily available for residential occupancies. The new technology utilizes a fast activating sprinkler head, existing low gallonage domestic water supply, a variety of approved types of piping, and installation which can be provided by plumbers. Cost of residential fire sprinkler system installations is approximately 1% of construction, which is less than the average cost to provide lawn sprinkler or carpeting installation. Additionally, Insurance companies are now providing substantial fire and Homeowners Insurance premium reduction for residences equipped with fire sprinkler system protection. so 3 - 3. Existinc ildings - Fire Sprinklers Existing buildings (except apartments and condominiums) of five (5) stories or over 551 in height are required to -be equipped with automatic fire sprinkler system protection not later than September 1, 1991. Fires in Low-rise and High-rise commercial buildings have demon- strated that many fires have occurred in such occupancies,which have developed undetected, until they became very large and were a great threat to life and property. Such fires are extremely difficult to suppress, require extraordinary resources, extreme fire suppression commitment, and often result in a very large fire loss, which adversely effects the entire community. As a result of the recent L. A. City lat Interstate Bank fire, the State of California and most California Cities which have high-rise buildings are presently in the process of considering enacting additional retroactive automatic fire sprinkler system requirements. The recommendation proposed to be enacted for Beverly Hills would effect all existing High-rise (751) and Low-rise (5 stories or 551) buildings except apartments and condominiums recognizes that the taller buildings, should a fire occur, are inherently more dangerous to life and property and that firefighting activities can be expected to be extremely difficult to conduct. Adoption would require the Building owner to provide built-in fire protec- tion that will automatically detect, extinguish and/or control the fire until the arrival of the Fire Department. The automatic fire sprinkler system will prevent a fire from developing unde- tected to the point. where it may become a serious threat to life and property as is presently very possible in such large buildings. The recommended retroactive Beverly Hills Sprinkler requirement effects commercial only, and not residential buildings which is consistent with the latest draft L. A. City retroactive High-rise Building Ordinance that has bean reviewed by Council committee and is anticipated to be considered by the full Council within two weeks. This sprinkler requirement for commercial buildings only is jus- tified by the fact that the Beverly Hills major loss fires that have occurred have been in the commercial buildings, as a result of fire occurring when the building was virtually unoccupied, developing into a major fire before discovery. The Beverly Hills existing multi -family residential occupancies including the High-rise and Low-rise apartments and condominiums were required by retroactive Municipal Ordinance adopted in 1981 to provide smoke detector installation by October 15, 1982. This retroactive requirement provided hardwired (not battery) smoke detectors in each bedroom and hallway adjacent to a bedroom in each dwelling unit. Also required, was smoke detector system 4 — installation in e, common hallway. There is no such existing automatic detector requirement for existing commercial occupan- cies, with the exception that State law requires all existing High-rise buildings to provide a smoke detector at each floor elevator lobby, that will in the event of lire recall the eleva- tor to the ground floor and place it out -of -service. There is obviously a very inadequate level Of existing automatic lire protection presently in place for the larger commercial buildings which results in occasional fires that pose a most serious threat to life and property. This retroactive sprinkler requirement is recommended to provide additional protection to these occupancies. Retroactive sprinkler system installation normally costs between $2.00 to $5.00 per sq. ft. depending upon type of construction and architecture. Significant g insurance premium reduction for fire sprinkler system protection can be expected to pay for the installation between 5 to 10 years. Aa p rtial system which only protects corridors and exitways would be a somewhat less expensive alternative. This type of system only provides hallway protection, may confine a lire to suite of fire origin and is designed to maintain the safety of the exit - ways. Significant Insurance premium reductions would not be af- forded buildings equipped with partial sprinkler systems. The lot Interstate Bank building was, at the time of the fire, in the process of being equipped with automatic fire sprinkler sys- tem protection. The contract sprinkler system cost to retrofit the fully occupied building was $3,5001000 or $2.80 sq. ft. The reported "High-rise Building Fire Protection and Recommenda- tions for Increased Fire Protection Requirements" May 20, 1988, (attached) previously submitted to Council, highlights the his- tory of High-rise building sprinkler requirements, the status of Beverly Hills High-rise buildings pertaining to sprinkler protec- tion, and some examples of such past Beverly Hills large loss fires. Th© present inventory and lire sprinkler system status of Beverly Hills High-rise and Low-rise buildings is as follows: High-rise Buildings r - 32 Buildings - over 75' in height 30 Commercial Buildings 2 Residential - Apt. or Condos 2 Commercial Buildings presently sprinklered Beverly Hilton Sak's Fifth Avenue Dept. Store 2 In planning/permit process to install sprinklers City Hall Beverly Wilshire Hotel -5_ I 28 Ui. cinklered 26 Commercial 2 Residential (1 apartment) (1 condominium) Low -Rise Buildings 58 Buildings of 5 stories or over 55' in height 34 Commercial 24 Apartment/Condominiums 6 Fully Sprinklered 5 Commercial 1 Residential 52 Unsprinklered 29 Commercial 23 Residential Alternatives: A. Height of Effected Buildings 1. Buildings of 5 stories or over 55' in height (Recommendation) 2. Buildings over 75' in height (High-rise) B. Type of Effected Buildings 1. Commercial (Recommendation) 2. Residential 3. Commercial and Residential C. Type of Sprinkler System 1. Full Systems (Recommended) Fully automatic fire sprinkler system which provides automatic fire sprinkler system protection to all rooms and areas of the buildinq. 2. Partial System Partial automatic fire sprinkler system which provides protection only to the corridor exit ways. D. Time Frame 1. Three (3) years (Recommendation) 2. Four (4) years (L.A. City - Draft Ordinance) 3. Five (5) years 6 - E. Not Take Action - State law if enacted may or may not place additional retroactive fire protection requirements on existing High-rise buildings. 4. Stairwell Ventilation Existing buildings (except apartments and condominiums) of fiv (5) stories or over fifty-five (55") feet in height - roof ace cess/ventilation openings are required to be provided at the to of each smoke proof stairshaft enclosure which extends to, but does not open out onto the roof. Existing buildings are required to conform not later than September 1, 1991. Old building Codes allowed large buildings with more than one stairshaft to be built with only the requirement for one stair - shaft to exit out upon the roof. Many Builders, for the purpose Of utilizing all available building space for tenant occupancy elected to terminate many stairshafts at the top floor, to not penetrate the roof, a practice which would not be allowed under the present code. The status of the 32 High-rise buildings in the City in regards to providing stairshaft roof access/ventilation is as follows: Buildings with all stairwells which exit to roof - 10 Buildings with all stairwells and/or Hatch which exit to roof - 2 Building with one or more stairwells without roof access -20 Total number stairwells in High-rise building without roof access/ventilation openings - 27 Fires in Low-rise and High-rise buildings have proven that smoke - proof stairshafts quickly fill with snake, as occupants exit into them from fire floors and firefighters advance fire hoses from the stairwell shaft standpipe into the fire floor. When the stairwell does not exit onto the roof, and is not equipped with a roof access/ventilation hatch, ventilation of the shaft is vir- tually impossible to accomplish. At the L. A. City 1st Interstate Bank Building High-rise fire stairshafts rapidly became filled with smoke which duced fire suppression effectiveness. Occupants had greatly re- which exiting the building, diffic firefighters were required to tutilize breathing apparatus within the stairwells when ap ching fire floors, which greatly reduced their breathingap aratusthe air supply and subsequently the time which they coulactively con- duct fire suppression activities before their air supply was de- pleted. This requirement is consistent with the L. A. Cit draft Retroactive High-rise Ordinance. y 7 - - Alternatives: A. Height of Effected Buildings 1. Buildings over 55" (Recommendation) 2. Buildings over 75" (High-rise) B. Type of Effected Buildings 1. Commercial (Recommendation) 2. Residential 3. Commercial and Residential C. Time Frame 1. Three (3) years (Recommendation) 2. Four (4) years (L. A. City Draft Ordinance) 3. Five (5) years D. Not Take Action RECOMMENDATION That built-in lire protection code requirements be adopted as recommended to provide automatic lire detection, and extinguish- ment. Modern technology has made automatic fire sprinkler system installation cost effective, and the requirement will greatly enhance the fire and life safety of our community. WILLZAAt M. DI►LEY FIRE CHIEF WMD : j d att: 8 - wfirecod PART H ATTACHMENT B SAMPLE FIRE CODE WITH AMENDMENTS FOR AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER REQUIREMENTS CKAPTER 2 FIRE COs+ * Sea. 9-2.01. Adoption of Uniform Fire Code. There is hereby adopted for the purpose of prescribing reg- ulations,governing conditions hazardous to lite and property from fire or explosion, that certain Code and Standards es known as and the Uniform Fire Code, including the Appendix p the Uniform Fire Code Standards published by the Western Fire Chiefs Association and the International Conference f Building officials, being particularly the 1985 Edition ere except such portions as are hereinafter modified or amended by Section 9-1.02 of this Chapter. 8ec. 9-2.02. Amendments to Uniform Fire Code. The Uniform Fire Code adopted pursuant to Section 9-2.01 is hereby amended and changed as provided herein because of the spe- cial circumstances and conditions in the City as set forth in Section 9-1.102:. Section 2.302 is deleted. "Sea. 2.302. Hoard of Appeals. Deleted." Subsection (c) is hereby added to Section 10-302 as follows: "sea. 10.302. Kaintenanoe. *** (o) Notice required when system inopera- tive. Any person owning or operating any occupancy or premises In which a fire protection system is required undhis systde em m shall immediately notify the City Fire Department when or any part thereof becomes inoperative; and m hall subsequently ubsrestored noify the City Fire Department when the system to operation." (3-3.222 (c) Amd.) Section 10.308 is amended by adding subsection (h) as follows: "sea. 10.308. Automatic Fire-Extinguishinq Systems. (a) Now buildings. An automatic fire extin- guishing system shall be required for all occupancies, there five except hunM-d occupancies and hl occupancies of sheds 1 (500) square feet and agricultural buildings. earshal Residential occupancies shall comply with the Stat Sprinkler Standard for one (1) and two (2) family dwellings is- sued January 1988; and systems for all other occupancies shall comply with the National Fire Protection association Standard No. 13 for Installation of Sprinkler Systens, 1987 Edition. (b) Existing buildings. (1) All existing buildings, except R-1 occuancy co-operatives, apartments, and condominiums, having a useable floor area of five (S) stories, or which exceed a height of fifty-five (SS') feet, whichever is less, shall have an auto- matic fire extinguishing system in compliance with subsection (a) Installed and operational not later than September 1, 1991. All existing R-1 oc sncy co-operatives, a ums which excess_& height of &event - lvO parte. ; s. and condomini- an automatic fire extinguishing system in Compliance w shall have tion (a) installed and operational not later than September ubsec- 1991. Height, for purposes of this Section, is definein sec - 1991 10 3.135 of the Beverly Hills Municipal Code. ( 2 ) all existing buildings, to which additions, alterations or repairs are made within any twelve 12 month period and which exceed fiftyf ) such existing building, or any aditions to en0�exi tine value of In excess of five thousand (5000) square feet, shall complybbuilding subsection (a) . with following pancioccu (c) Changes in occupancies. The area of the guisher system e& shall comply with the automatic fire extin- specifications of subsection (a u n est ment of the following occupancies; Po ablish- tion (d) . (l) MY occupancy designated in subsec- (2) Nightclubs and discos in rooms primarily used for entertainin#4occupant& who are dr dining and unseparated accessory uses where the total area or such unseparated rooms and assembly uses exceeds three thousand u of (3000) square feet. For use& to be considered as separated, the separation shall be not less than as required for a ne-houoc- cupancy separation. The area of other uses shall be included unless separated by at least a one-hour occuseparation" lowing existing (d) Existinq oaoupanciea•pTheyareofthe. fol- occupancies, except where such occupancies classified as Group R, Division 3, or Group M. shall m with the automatic fire extinguisher a comply lth Specifications of subsection (a) • (1) Throughout all existing eating es- tablishments having a floor area in excess of three thous (3, 000) square foot. and (Z) Throughout bowling alleys. cies having an occu (3) Throughout public assembly occupan- sons. Pant load of three hundred (300) or more per - Where such occupancies are located above the first floor, the floors below shall be provided with an automatic sprinkler system; provided further, public assemblyoccupancies P hundred (300) or more panciea of three to august 19, 2976, shallnotirld to building existing prior fire -extinguishing system in floors blow such occue nc automatic used exclusively for lodging. Throughout hotels, except those areas Y ging. (3) Throughout retail sales rooms classed as Group e, Division 2 occupancies where the floor area exceeds twelve thousand (12, 000) square feet on any floor or twenty-four thousand (2�, 000) square feet on all floors and in GroupB D v - sion 2 retail sales occupancies more than three 3 storiesi i height, and in Division 1 and 3, GroupB occupancies,f ) in occupancies are located within the same buildinors. when tructureu s Group R-1 occupancies. The area of messanines shall be included in determining the areas where sprinklers are required. buildings when the (4) In every story or basement of all floor area exceeds 1500 square feet and there Is not provided at least 20 square feet of Openingentirely y above 2- the adjoin!. ground level in each 50 neal feet or fraction thereof of exterior wall in the story or basement on at least one side of the building. openings shall have a minimum dimension of not less than 30 Inches. Such openings shall be accessible to the fire department from the exterior and shall not be obstructed In a manner that fire fighting or rescue cannot be accomplished from the exterior. When openings in a story are provided on only one side and the opposite wall of such story Is more than 75 feet from such openings, the story shall be provided with an approved automatic sprinkler system, or openings as specified above shall be pro- vided on at least two sides of an exterior wall of the story. If any portion of- a basement is located more than 75 feet from openings required in this Section, the basement shall be provided with an approved automatic sprinkler system. (7) At the top of rubbish and linen chutes and in their terminal rooms. Chutes extending through three or more floors shall have additional sprinkler heads in- stalled within such chutes at alternate floors. Sprinkler heads shall be accessible for servicing: (o) In rooms where nitrate film is stored and handled. (9) In protected combustible fiber storage vaults as defined in the Fire Code." Section 11.402 is hereby amended as follows: "Sea. 11.402. Projectiles and Rockets. It shall be unlawful for any person to: (a) Possess, launch, discharge, or fire any rocket, projectile, tracer, or other similar type of device within the City; _ (b) Possess or use any compound, chemi- cal, or other substance for the purpose of experimenting with, mixing, or preparing propellant or fuel for any rocket or other Projectile. (c) The provisions of this Section shall not apply to operations of Federal, State, or local agencies, and shall not apply to educational clauses offered by the Beverly Hills Unified School District where prior authorization has been granted in writing by the Fire Chief." (3-3.2301-4 And.) Subsection (e) of Section 12.110 is amended as follows: "sec. 12.1100 smkeproof enclosures. (e) ventilation* ventilation requirements for smokeproof enclosures shall be maintained as specified in the Building Code; provided further, each stairshaft extending to the roof shall be provided with a ventilation opening of a minimum area of sixteen (16) square feet at the roof level. Existing buildings shall conform to the requirements of this subsection not later than September 1, 1991. *** " 3 - Article. is amended to provide as meows: "Ati.,Lcle 74. Fireworks Sec, 7401. Fireworks prohibited. No person shall manufacture, store, otter for sale or discharge any fireworks in the City; provided fur- ther, fireworks may be discharged in conjunction with a City sponsored event. Fireworks for purposes of this Section is de- fined in Section 9.108 of this Code." (3-3.1101-4 hard . ) Article 80.5 is added to provide as follows: "Article 40.5. Hazardous Material Release Response and inventory Matesials. Bea, 40.501. Responsibility for Hazardous Pursuant to Section 25502 of the Health and Safety Code of the State, the City assumes responsibility for the implementation of Chapter 6.9S, *Hazardous Materials Release Response Plans and Inventory*, of .Division 20 of the State Health and Safety Code and shall have exclusive jurisdiction for the enforcement of said provisions within the City. (3-3.3601) sea. 80.502. Administratinq Agency. The Fire Department of the City is desig- nated as the "Administrating agency*, as defined in subsection (a) of Section 25501 of the State Health and Safety Code, and shall be responsible for the administration and the enforcement of the provisions of Chapter 6.95 of Division 20 of the State Health and Safety Code within the City. (3-3.3602) Sec. 40.503. Violations of Section 25507 of the Health and Safety Codes Penalties. Any person or business who or which vio- lates Section 25507 of - the Health and Safety Code of the State, requiring the immediate reporting of any release or threatened release of a hazardous material to the Administrating Agency and the provision of access to the handlers$ facilities for emergency personnel, upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not more than Twenty-five Thousand ($25,000.00) Dollars for each day of violation, or by imprisonment in the County Jail for not more than one year, or by both such tine and imprisonment. If the conviction is for a violation committed after a first conviction under this Section, the person shall be punished by a fine of not less than Two Thousand ($2,000.00) Dollars or more than Fifty Thousand ($500000.00) Dollars per day of violation, or by impris- onment in the State prison for sixteen (16), twenty (20), or twenty-four (24) months, or in the County Jail for not more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Furthermore, if the violation results in, or significantly contributes to, an emergency, including a tire, to which the City is required to respond, the person shall also be assessed the full cost of the city emergency response, as well as the cost of cleaning up and disposing of the hazardous materials." (3-3.3603) 4 - 7 endix 1-8 is deleted. "Appendix 1-2. Life Baf. Requirements for Exist- inq RL -Rise Buildings. Deleted." • (Uniform Fire Code adopted to supersede existinq Fire Safety requlations "Fire Prevention and Protection" of Chapter 3, Title 3) 5 - ATTACHMENT C LIST OF RESOURCE ORGANIZATIONS RESOURCE ORGANIZATIONS FEDERAL ORGANIZATION Federal Emergengy Management Agena The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is the agency responsible at the federal level for providing fire services. There are three sections of FEMA: the United States Fire Administration (USFA), the National Fire Academy (NFA) and the Learning Resource Center (LRC). The USFA is primarily responsible for working with private and public sector groups on fire safety research, national fire safety campaigns, fire prevention and arson control issues, fire service and rescue management issues and the national fire data center. United States Fire Administration The USFA promotes a variety of fire prevention and fire safety education programs at the federal, state and local levels. These initiatives include public education campaigns, ongoing research into technical improvements in fire suppression and fire prevention equipment and efforts to help make public policy makers aware of the research findings. The following is a partial listing of USFA programs. o National Fire Incident Reporting System (NTS) is a computerized national data base on fire incidents. o Protocol for Treatment of Fire Victims. o Protective Clothing. m rovements. o juvenile Fire Setters. Produces manuals and training seminars that deal with the problem of juvenile fires setters. o Arson Reduction Program The USFA has three major anti -arson programs. The Arson Information Management System, the Arson Resource Center, and the Community Based Organization. o National Public Education Campar_i¢ns. o Children's Television Workshop. A program designed to teach pre-schoolers about fire safety. o Automatic Residential_ SFrink=er Systems and Smoke Detectors. The USFA promotes studies, research, development and testing of sprinkler systems. The USFA has published a 16 page booklet on the protection provided by fire sprinklers and smoke detectors. o Emergency Education Network (EEMM. FEMNs Office of Information Resources Management conducts 12 to 15 video training programs each year on a variety of fire service and emergency management subjects on EENET. o Major Fire Analysis. An in-depth fire investigation analysis of major fires are conducted so that lessons learned from incidents can be widely applied. o National Community Volunteer Fire Prevention Program. An effort to combine the resources of all government levels with those of community volunteers, the fire service, and the private sector to build and support fire protection programs. o Volunteer Fire Service Sup=rt. A program to support improved communications and information sharing on critical issues among volunteer fire departments. National Fire Academy The following is a list of the seven program areas provided by the National Fire academy: o Executive Fire Officer. Provides senior officers with an opportunity to continue their professional development. o Mid -management Fire Officer. Offers a coordinated, highly intensified approach to mid-level fire officer training. o Fire Service Technical Specialist. Provides specialized training in operational technical skills, including hazardous materials, arson mitigation, fire prevention, inspection/enforcement, management information, fire safety education, and fire training. o Line Officer. Develops management skills specifically designed for line officers. o Direct Supplementary Delivery. Supplements state and local training efforts. o Special Programs. Provides workshops, seminars, conferences, technical assistance, and training assistance to state and local fire service organizations. o Open Learning for Fire Service Program. Delivers fire service personnel'an opportunity to earn bachelor's degrees in fire administration and technology. Learning Resource Center The Learning Resource Center in Emmitsburg, Maryland houses the on -campus library and audio-visual center for the National Emergency Training Center, and includes the Emergency Management Information Center (EMIC), a collection of significant case studies of recent major disasters and potentially harmful combustion products. OTHER FEDERAL PROGRAMS The Center for Fire Research Operating under the National Bureau of Standards, the Center for Fire Research is engaged in research on fire safety and fire development problems. Consumer Product Safety Commission Currently the Commission has developed more than 30 fire safety projects. Research on cooking appliances and disposable lighters are samples of the projects undertaken. 2 Division of ('miner five Forest Fire Control , , This division of the United States Forest Service coordinates the activities of federal, state, and private landowners in wildland areas. United States Department of the Treasury. Bureau of Alcohol. Tobacco. and Firearms. The Bureau is charged with investigating fires believed to be incendiary, as well as cases of bombings and fire bombings. OTHER RESOURCES International eccnciation of Arson Investigators The International Association of Arson Investigators is composed of agents from fire and police departments, other law enforcement agencies, and underwriter organizations. The association cooperates with other agencies to prevent arson and related crimes, unite public officials and citizens, improve professional standards, and discourage fire -related crime. The Association publishes a quarterly newsletter and annual directory, and holds and annual meeting. Address: c/o Thomas Brace, Minnesota State Fire Marshal 289 East Fifth Street Market House Building St. Paul, Minnesota 55101 (612) 296-7641 International Association of Black Fire Fighters The International Association of Black Professional Fire Fighters is made up of fire fighters, dispatchers, and others in related occupations who work to increase the number of minority people working in fire service fields. Workshops, seminars, and training sessions and a newsletter are utilized to promote fire awareness and prevention. Address: c/o Clarence Williams P.O. Box 22005 Seattle, Washington 98122 (206) 2284049 International Association ofTire Chiefs The International Association of Fires Chiefs is comprise of officials heading city, state, military, and industrial fire departments, as well as individuals involved infire protection, prevention, and suppression. The organization collects data regarding safety, fire administration, fire hazards, and labor relations, and researched issues concerning fire department efficiency and public awareness of fire prevention issues. It works through numerous specialized committees and publishes weekly and monthly publications and special publications and reports. Address: 1329 18th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 (206) 833-3420 3 International Association of Fire Fiahters The International Association of Fire Fighters represents fire fighters in legal, business, governmental, and labor relations by conducting studies, publishing newsletters, and holding biannual meetings. By working with the AFL-CIO the association seeks to promote the interests and concerns for individuals involved directly in fire fighting. Address: 1750 New York Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 (202) 737-8484 International Fire Service Training Association The International Fire Service Training Association is an educational organization that validates fire service training materials for publication and upgrades fire training in general through review of methods and equipment. The membership is composed primarily of trainers, including vocational, insurance, government, university, - and fire organizations. The Association publishes training manuals through Fire Protection Publications of Oklahoma State University. Address: Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078 (405) 624-5723 International Society of Fire Service Instructors The International Society of Fire Service Instructors includes people responsible for training fire officers, fire fighters, and rescue and emergency/medical personnel. The organization conducts seminars on fire service issues, publishes a variety of monthly papers on training topics, and sponsors an annual conference. Address: 20 Main Street Ashland, Massachusetts 01721 (617) 881-5501 National Fire Protection Association The National Fire Protection Association develops, publishes, and disseminates fire safety standards prepared by its technical committees. It also provides information on fire protection, prevention, and suppression through its publications. The membership is drawn from fire service, business, industry, health etre, and educational institutions. Several meetings are conducted each year. Address: Batterymarch park Quincy, Massachusetts 02269 (617) 770-3000 2 National Volunteer Fire Council The National Volunteer Fire Council works primarily with volunteer fire departments to develop national programs and represent the fire service to Congress and federal agencies. The organization has developedprograms on volunteer fire department membership recruiting, fundraising, public relations, and fire prevention. It holds two meetings annually and publishes a quarterly newsletter. Address: c/o E. James Monihan 45 Sussex Drive Lewes, Delaware 19958 (302) 645-3300 Society of Fire Protection Engineers A professional organization of fire protection engineers that offers courses and seminars on fire engineering, and publishes monthly and bimonthly bulletins, and also hosts an annual meeting. Address: 60 Batterymarch Street Boston, Massachusetts 02110 (617) 482-0686 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONS National Coordinating Council on Emer&Cncv Management Represents government agencies responsible for emergency preparedness on city and county levels. The organization's purpose is to develop comprehensive hazard emergency management programs by serving as a liaison between local, state, and federal government agencies involved in emergency management. Address: 7297 Lee Highway Suite N Falls Church, Virginia 22042 (703) 533-7672 National EmergcnQl Management Association The membership of the Association is composed of state -level emergency management directors, local emergency management coordinators and corporations interested in public safety. The organization seeks to improve relations within the public safety community through promotion of state and local emergency management programs, formulation of position papers and resolutions on emergency management issues, and development of specialized education programs. Address: c/o William J. Clack Director, Georgia Emergency Management Agency P.O. Box 18055 Atlanta, Georgia 30316 (404) 624-7000 U INSURANCE ORGANIZATIONS Insurance Crime Prevention Institute The Institute consists of insurance companies united in investigating and prosecuting frauds and false insurance claims relating to casualty and property damage. The Institute uses films, speakers, handbooks, and brochures regarding fire -related fraud and intentional property damage to educate those in the insurance industry, law enforcement agencies, and the general public. Address: 15 Franklin Street Westport, Connecticut 06880 (203) 226-6347 Insurance Committee for Control of Arson The Committee is composed of private insurance companies that work to coordinate anti - arson efforts among groups, exchange information with other organizations involved in preventing arson, promote anti -arson legislation, and educate the public regarding arson issues. The Committee holds an annual meeting and provides technical assistance and public speakers to interested groups. Address: 110 William Street New York, New York 10038 (212) 669-9245 National Committee on Property Insurance The Committee works to provide technical assistance, statistics, and other information by advising insurance companies and conducting research and educational programs on problem insurance markets. The committee also meets annually and serves as liaison between insurance companies and the general public, other organizations, and governments, and provides assistance for state property and casualty insurance plans. Address: Ten Winthrop Square Fifth Floor Boston, Massachusetts 02110 (617) 425-4620 BUILDING AND ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS American Society of Civil Engin_ The Society promotes research, presents awards, and sponsors competitions to increase professional standards. It also publishes a magazine and newsletter, and holds semiannual meetings. Address: 345 East 47th Street New York, New York 10017 (212) 705-7496 6 Building Officials and Code Administrators The Building Officials and Code Administrators International membership is comprised of officials in governments and agencies that are responsible for establishing and enforcing building and zoning regulations. The organization works to establish and update uniform codes by supplying information on materials, techniques, and systems to local governments and organizations. The. he group's publications include bimonthly reports and bulletins. Address: 4051 West Flossmoore Road Country Club Hills, Illinois 60477-5795 (312) 799-2300 International Conference of Building Officials The International Conference of Building Officials is composed of representatives of local, regional, and state governments that promote and maintain the Uniform Building Code by researching the principles behind safety provisions for life and property; formulating guidelines for the administration of building inspection departments; and developing training courses and seminars focusing on these issues. The group also publishes a bimonthly magazine and newsletter and holds an annual meeting. Address: 5360 Workman Mill Road Whittier, CA 90601 (213) 699-0541 National Conference of States on Buildins Codes and Standards. Inc. The National Conference of States on Building Codes, Inc. is composed of officials who deal with building codes and related fields concerning the building regulation system. The conference works to identify problems, propose solutions and develop programs addressing codes and building standards, as well as to represent the states in national standards generating organizations. It also seeks to promote educational programs and uniformity in building codes and publish a bimonthly bulletins and newsletters. 7 PART H ATTACHMENT D FIRE SERVICE RESOURCE DIRECTORY OPERATION LIFE SAFETY RESOURCE DIRECTORY The Operation Life Safety Resource Directory consists of a partially annotated compilation of articles, books, reports and audio-visual materials on the subject of automatic life safety systems. Some materials are mainly of value as background information for the manual user while others have application in support of a presentation or testimony. This Resource Directory may be obtained by contacting Operation Life Safety. Amoss: Operation Life Safety International Association of Fire Chiefs, Inc. 1329 18th St. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036